{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400275282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422610","title":"Design of a Novel Predictive Technique to Estimate Liquid Level and Concentration Using Multi-Sensor Data Fusion","display_name":"Design of a Novel Predictive Technique to Estimate Liquid Level and Concentration Using Multi-Sensor Data Fusion","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400275282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422610","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070504985","display_name":"Jayalaxmi Rajesh Hanni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0753-354X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jayalaxmi Rajesh Hanni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0753-354X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111596453","display_name":"K V Santhosh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. V. Santhosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Centre for Cyber Physical System, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-5947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Centre for Cyber Physical System, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036995406","display_name":"N. N. Srinidhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. N. Srinidhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2865-1185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070504985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8155,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6711641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"98787","last_page":"98802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cls-upper-limits","display_name":"CLs upper limits","score":0.7219086289405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5655331015586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.545966625213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-measurement","display_name":"Level measurement","score":0.5343474745750427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5324849486351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.49106836318969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.475448340177536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-uncertainty","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","score":0.4689366817474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.4385334551334381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-sensor","display_name":"Soft sensor","score":0.43695542216300964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.4323105216026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4223182797431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error","display_name":"Observational error","score":0.4112062454223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.38509663939476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.32383185625076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28240257501602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.26890408992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16264298558235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12248167395591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11055272817611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.0819098949432373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190729725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5012817","display_name":"CLs upper limits","level":2,"score":0.7219086289405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5655331015586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.545966625213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778108119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1481440","display_name":"Level measurement","level":2,"score":0.5343474745750427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5324849486351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.49106836318969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.475448340177536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.4689366817474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.4385334551334381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115575686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822403","display_name":"Soft sensor","level":3,"score":0.43695542216300964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.4323105216026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4223182797431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.4112062454223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.38509663939476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.32383185625076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28240257501602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.26890408992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16264298558235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12248167395591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11055272817611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0819098949432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:afaccbfb4cfb4d7488834092b946d8c9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/afaccbfb4cfb4d7488834092b946d8c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 98787-98802 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2175390490","https://openalex.org/W2194660013","https://openalex.org/W2277910598","https://openalex.org/W2286893195","https://openalex.org/W2290985749","https://openalex.org/W2292595854","https://openalex.org/W2418539510","https://openalex.org/W2532248553","https://openalex.org/W2556757517","https://openalex.org/W2571916169","https://openalex.org/W2607464296","https://openalex.org/W2611734615","https://openalex.org/W2743114258","https://openalex.org/W2743904808","https://openalex.org/W2757163671","https://openalex.org/W2767126022","https://openalex.org/W2768466824","https://openalex.org/W2769175931","https://openalex.org/W2770435222","https://openalex.org/W2792029406","https://openalex.org/W2801340492","https://openalex.org/W2810735815","https://openalex.org/W2881074058","https://openalex.org/W2901556917","https://openalex.org/W2908194110","https://openalex.org/W2913422262","https://openalex.org/W2914165084","https://openalex.org/W2972937033","https://openalex.org/W2997229459","https://openalex.org/W3001737824","https://openalex.org/W3005547373","https://openalex.org/W3012241295","https://openalex.org/W3081070312","https://openalex.org/W3205540978","https://openalex.org/W4224246219","https://openalex.org/W4289653753","https://openalex.org/W4292843164","https://openalex.org/W4303984810","https://openalex.org/W4308292990","https://openalex.org/W4308432893","https://openalex.org/W4309047184","https://openalex.org/W4309731097","https://openalex.org/W4310424479","https://openalex.org/W4311162857","https://openalex.org/W4313893179","https://openalex.org/W4315572245","https://openalex.org/W4315652054","https://openalex.org/W4315703369","https://openalex.org/W4317105887","https://openalex.org/W4317214178","https://openalex.org/W4317584402","https://openalex.org/W4317725831","https://openalex.org/W4318320850","https://openalex.org/W4318499581","https://openalex.org/W4319221500","https://openalex.org/W4319334818","https://openalex.org/W4319919540","https://openalex.org/W4319986446","https://openalex.org/W4321460190","https://openalex.org/W4321792485","https://openalex.org/W4322488637","https://openalex.org/W4322758127","https://openalex.org/W4323568617","https://openalex.org/W4328098554","https://openalex.org/W4362474281","https://openalex.org/W4364365666","https://openalex.org/W4366261914","https://openalex.org/W4366609041","https://openalex.org/W4379184717","https://openalex.org/W4380324160","https://openalex.org/W4381053812","https://openalex.org/W4382302053","https://openalex.org/W4383722917","https://openalex.org/W4385515413","https://openalex.org/W4386008153","https://openalex.org/W4386219563","https://openalex.org/W4386572330","https://openalex.org/W4387208264","https://openalex.org/W4388039383","https://openalex.org/W4388125909","https://openalex.org/W4388591508","https://openalex.org/W4388910999","https://openalex.org/W4389298228","https://openalex.org/W4391547555","https://openalex.org/W4392034170","https://openalex.org/W4392563411","https://openalex.org/W4394994359","https://openalex.org/W6751223448","https://openalex.org/W7009298040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2297670824","https://openalex.org/W2851521638","https://openalex.org/W2153707449","https://openalex.org/W2407741852","https://openalex.org/W2374974007","https://openalex.org/W2379829787","https://openalex.org/W2392627782","https://openalex.org/W2043595074","https://openalex.org/W2376593282","https://openalex.org/W5845736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Level":[0,19,84,144,149,248],"is":[1,36],"one":[2],"of":[3,12,31,42,56,59,113,203,229,235,245],"the":[4,13,54,72,100,108,122,130,135,168,182,198,216,233,236,243],"important":[5,24],"parameters":[6],"to":[7,52,64,70,205,232],"be":[8],"measured":[9],"in":[10,16,26,102,110,170,173,219],"many":[11],"industrial":[14],"applications,":[15],"which":[17],"Capacitance":[18],"Sensors":[20],"(CLS)":[21],"play":[22],"an":[23,96,201,211,222],"role":[25],"measuring":[27,39],"liquid":[28,43,73,103,220],"level":[29,74,98,154,199],"because":[30],"its":[32,77],"ruggedness.":[33],"But":[34],"CLS":[35],"inept":[37],"at":[38],"levels":[40],"irrespective":[41],"types":[44],"hence":[45],"this":[46],"work":[47,177,237],"proposes":[48],"a":[49,66,83,89,114,160,174,188],"novel":[50,67],"technique":[51,69,81,133],"overcome":[53],"demerits":[55],"conventional":[57],"measurement":[58],"CLS.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"aims":[63],"develop":[65],"predictive":[68,80],"measure":[71],"along":[75],"with":[76,200,221,238],"concentration.":[78],"The":[79,176,226],"comprises":[82],"Predictive":[85,91],"Model":[86,92],"(LPM)":[87],"and":[88,105,147,185,208,241],"Concentration":[90],"(CPM).":[93],"LPM":[94,125,184,196],"predicts":[95,107],"accurate":[97,212],"for":[99,121,152,166,214],"change":[101,109],"type":[104],"CPM":[106,156,186,209],"sugar":[111,171,217],"concentration":[112,172,218],"liquid.":[115,175],"An":[116],"experimental":[117],"setup":[118],"was":[119,126,157,178],"established":[120],"model":[123,165],"development.":[124],"developed":[127,158,183],"by":[128,138,180],"infusing":[129],"data":[131,136],"fusion":[132],"from":[134],"obtained":[137,227],"three":[139],"different":[140],"sensors":[141],"CLS,":[142],"Pressure":[143],"Sensor":[145,150],"(PLS)":[146],"Ultrasonic":[148],"(ULS)":[151],"adaptive":[153],"measurement.":[155],"using":[159],"Support":[161],"Vector":[162],"Machine":[163],"(SVM)":[164],"predicting":[167,215],"changes":[169],"validated":[179],"implementing":[181],"on":[187],"real-time":[189],"system.":[190],"System":[191],"validation":[192],"results":[193,228],"showed":[194],"that":[195],"detected":[197],"error":[202,223],"\u22126":[204],"0.0001":[206],"cm,":[207],"gave":[210],"result":[213],"between":[224],"+/\u22120.8%.":[225],"models":[230],"catered":[231],"objectives":[234],"enhanced":[239],"accuracy":[240],"avoided":[242],"re-calibration":[244],"CLS-based":[246],"Liquid":[247],"Measurement":[249],"Systems":[250],"(LLMS).":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}