{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400275762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422480","title":"A Comprehensive Survey on Affective Computing: Challenges, Trends, Applications, and Future Directions","display_name":"A Comprehensive Survey on Affective Computing: Challenges, Trends, Applications, and Future Directions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400275762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422480","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058199474","display_name":"Sitara Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3370-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sitara Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3370-8331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024372149","display_name":"H.A. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0736-7776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haseeb Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0736-7776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047578139","display_name":"Md. Jalil Piran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-6785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Jalil Piran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-6785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048935590","display_name":"Jong Weon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong Weon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-2601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058199474"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.3257,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99430826,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"96150","last_page":"96168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.7978222966194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.6622672080993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6208990812301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6066468358039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6018781065940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4747924208641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2656521797180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21364110708236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.13424330949783325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.7978222966194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.6622672080993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6208990812301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6066468358039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6018781065940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4747924208641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2656521797180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21364110708236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.13424330949783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:641d143a9116444383d25c75d71cfa3d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/641d143a9116444383d25c75d71cfa3d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 96150-96168 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6361250348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0016038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015w1qa96"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":156,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17944974","https://openalex.org/W234798790","https://openalex.org/W414188911","https://openalex.org/W652662681","https://openalex.org/W1166996211","https://openalex.org/W1481423019","https://openalex.org/W1557191966","https://openalex.org/W1601314345","https://openalex.org/W1604147311","https://openalex.org/W1964613733","https://openalex.org/W1985177547","https://openalex.org/W1996958556","https://openalex.org/W1998257453","https://openalex.org/W2006426145","https://openalex.org/W2035372623","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2044106642","https://openalex.org/W2055911634","https://openalex.org/W2058819080","https://openalex.org/W2059724699","https://openalex.org/W2072768095","https://openalex.org/W2083021723","https://openalex.org/W2102298245","https://openalex.org/W2102953093","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2104773730","https://openalex.org/W2106115875","https://openalex.org/W2106947945","https://openalex.org/W2120663682","https://openalex.org/W2120945046","https://openalex.org/W2122098299","https://openalex.org/W2124437639","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2128837546","https://openalex.org/W2133107415","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2162418306","https://openalex.org/W2166055528","https://openalex.org/W2167854178","https://openalex.org/W2168465881","https://openalex.org/W2169397596","https://openalex.org/W2170436435","https://openalex.org/W2172247269","https://openalex.org/W2291000931","https://openalex.org/W2345305417","https://openalex.org/W2436394355","https://openalex.org/W2512449761","https://openalex.org/W2521883249","https://openalex.org/W2525246137","https://openalex.org/W2527254703","https://openalex.org/W2531867140","https://openalex.org/W2551403050","https://openalex.org/W2562275814","https://openalex.org/W2565944610","https://openalex.org/W2598207902","https://openalex.org/W2602034649","https://openalex.org/W2730601341","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2740582239","https://openalex.org/W2740586471","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2750821397","https://openalex.org/W2792191740","https://openalex.org/W2792578050","https://openalex.org/W2793139759","https://openalex.org/W2794377003","https://openalex.org/W2798583514","https://openalex.org/W2798989012","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2799185473","https://openalex.org/W2799829815","https://openalex.org/W2805744755","https://openalex.org/W2867696556","https://openalex.org/W2874464011","https://openalex.org/W2890002510","https://openalex.org/W2891300059","https://openalex.org/W2895547478","https://openalex.org/W2897132394","https://openalex.org/W2898795295","https://openalex.org/W2911336608","https://openalex.org/W2911841872","https://openalex.org/W2934832377","https://openalex.org/W2940983946","https://openalex.org/W2946218857","https://openalex.org/W2962843214","https://openalex.org/W2963873807","https://openalex.org/W2964046515","https://openalex.org/W2964347177","https://openalex.org/W2964370293","https://openalex.org/W2966194928","https://openalex.org/W2970408855","https://openalex.org/W2972273766","https://openalex.org/W2974743569","https://openalex.org/W2984369117","https://openalex.org/W2986002983","https://openalex.org/W2986823971","https://openalex.org/W2989844215","https://openalex.org/W2996310233","https://openalex.org/W3003908700","https://openalex.org/W3014464799","https://openalex.org/W3018666158","https://openalex.org/W3022674777","https://openalex.org/W3034323190","https://openalex.org/W3035336958","https://openalex.org/W3037439697","https://openalex.org/W3082306761","https://openalex.org/W3088352144","https://openalex.org/W3091553737","https://openalex.org/W3093370878","https://openalex.org/W3096230989","https://openalex.org/W3104842364","https://openalex.org/W3106003309","https://openalex.org/W3115381059","https://openalex.org/W3118405827","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W3125615400","https://openalex.org/W3151821185","https://openalex.org/W3156371678","https://openalex.org/W3208427934","https://openalex.org/W3213742074","https://openalex.org/W4220887861","https://openalex.org/W4237851134","https://openalex.org/W4242687562","https://openalex.org/W4251591997","https://openalex.org/W4254724182","https://openalex.org/W4286340187","https://openalex.org/W4287890926","https://openalex.org/W4306377337","https://openalex.org/W4313561514","https://openalex.org/W4319585936","https://openalex.org/W4321021977","https://openalex.org/W4366240401","https://openalex.org/W4377223675","https://openalex.org/W4378673966","https://openalex.org/W4380449064","https://openalex.org/W4381280088","https://openalex.org/W4383503044","https://openalex.org/W4385647045","https://openalex.org/W4389296553","https://openalex.org/W4390296070","https://openalex.org/W4393285695","https://openalex.org/W6605727216","https://openalex.org/W6628795292","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6684149856","https://openalex.org/W6691459498","https://openalex.org/W6732491067","https://openalex.org/W6750722441","https://openalex.org/W6751863160","https://openalex.org/W6752907291","https://openalex.org/W6754757669","https://openalex.org/W6761668569","https://openalex.org/W6855911862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291261743","https://openalex.org/W1540119434","https://openalex.org/W4229598134","https://openalex.org/W2335262298","https://openalex.org/W2765982327","https://openalex.org/W2071657884","https://openalex.org/W213396585","https://openalex.org/W4237671428","https://openalex.org/W2068152137","https://openalex.org/W2358660055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Affective":[0],"computing,":[1],"as":[2,23],"its":[3,70,127],"name":[4],"implies,":[5],"focuses":[6],"on":[7],"the":[8,40,62],"recognition":[9],"of":[10,37,64,86,126],"human":[11],"emotions,":[12],"sentiments,":[13],"and":[14,29,46,67,73,78,98,129],"feelings.":[15],"This":[16,53],"interdisciplinary":[17],"field":[18],"encompasses":[19],"diverse":[20],"areas":[21],"such":[22],"languages,":[24],"sociology,":[25],"psychology,":[26],"computer":[27],"science,":[28],"physiology.":[30],"However,":[31],"there":[32],"is":[33],"a":[34,83,112],"notable":[35],"absence":[36],"research":[38],"exploring":[39],"interaction":[41],"between":[42],"machine":[43],"learning":[44],"(ML)":[45],"mixed":[47],"reality":[48],"(XR)":[49],"for":[50,118],"affective":[51,65,91,100,109],"computing.":[52,92],"paper":[54],"aims":[55],"to":[56,122],"address":[57],"this":[58],"gap":[59],"by":[60],"discussing":[61],"importance":[63],"computing":[66,110],"delving":[68],"into":[69],"concepts,":[71],"methods,":[72],"outcomes.":[74],"Drawing":[75],"upon":[76],"ML":[77],"XR":[79],"approaches,":[80],"we":[81,94,104],"conduct":[82],"comprehensive":[84],"survey":[85],"recent":[87],"methodologies":[88],"employed":[89],"in":[90],"Additionally,":[93],"examine":[95],"state-of-the-art":[96],"approaches":[97],"available":[99],"data":[101],"resources.":[102],"Furthermore,":[103],"explore":[105],"various":[106],"applications":[107],"where":[108],"has":[111],"significant":[113],"impact,":[114],"providing":[115],"valuable":[116],"insights":[117],"future":[119],"scholars":[120],"seeking":[121],"deepen":[123],"their":[124],"understanding":[125],"relevance":[128],"practical":[130],"implications.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}