{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400228830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422349","title":"System Level Performance Assessment of Large-Scale Cell-Free Massive MIMO Orientations With Cooperative Beamforming","display_name":"System Level Performance Assessment of Large-Scale Cell-Free Massive MIMO Orientations With Cooperative Beamforming","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400228830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422349","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015078439","display_name":"Panagiotis K. Gkonis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-1044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis K. Gkonis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Industry Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-1044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Industry Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066633405","display_name":"Spyros Lavdas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6228-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230915877","display_name":"The American College of Greece","ror":"https://ror.org/03vkake80","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122463","display_name":"Neapolis University Pafos","ror":"https://ror.org/02kjms144","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122463"]}],"countries":["CY","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spyros Lavdas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus","Department of Information Technology, The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087904259","display_name":"George Vardoulias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-4032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230915877","display_name":"The American College of Greece","ror":"https://ror.org/03vkake80","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Vardoulias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039352682","display_name":"Panagiotis Trakadas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5146-5954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Trakadas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Port Management and Shipping, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5146-5954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Port Management and Shipping, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022533728","display_name":"Lambros Sarakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3890-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lambros Sarakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Industry Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3890-5476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Industry Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012129872","display_name":"Konstantinos Papadopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-3262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Papadopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Industry Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Industry Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dirfies Messapies, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015078439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3778,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80956633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"92073","last_page":"92086"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8005341291427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6690276861190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6372413635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5929681658744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.49778127670288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4738208055496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.4538598358631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4522155523300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3773394525051117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.306282639503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19586190581321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0972994863986969}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8005341291427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6690276861190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6372413635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5929681658744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.49778127670288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4738208055496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4538598358631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4522155523300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3773394525051117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.306282639503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19586190581321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0972994863986969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46b670bebdf44c59bdb420fd3533a9d8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46b670bebdf44c59bdb420fd3533a9d8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 92073-92086 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17725998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3422349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3422349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3422349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970665399","https://openalex.org/W1982686915","https://openalex.org/W2012308870","https://openalex.org/W2128688604","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2963035503","https://openalex.org/W2963217863","https://openalex.org/W2964133168","https://openalex.org/W2965123227","https://openalex.org/W3004116256","https://openalex.org/W3014787243","https://openalex.org/W3048535702","https://openalex.org/W3094786991","https://openalex.org/W3158832185","https://openalex.org/W3200113042","https://openalex.org/W3204319232","https://openalex.org/W3209298344","https://openalex.org/W4206542241","https://openalex.org/W4225690397","https://openalex.org/W4241264804","https://openalex.org/W4290996263","https://openalex.org/W4292347973","https://openalex.org/W4293499356","https://openalex.org/W4297911688","https://openalex.org/W4309759284","https://openalex.org/W4313591120","https://openalex.org/W4318586278","https://openalex.org/W4323345732","https://openalex.org/W4366588424","https://openalex.org/W4378194759","https://openalex.org/W4382468048","https://openalex.org/W4385489501","https://openalex.org/W4386091650","https://openalex.org/W4386280835","https://openalex.org/W4388407887","https://openalex.org/W4389722669","https://openalex.org/W4390187172","https://openalex.org/W4391097067","https://openalex.org/W4391454480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W3124036039","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2724724053","https://openalex.org/W1939996075","https://openalex.org/W2118113972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"goal":[1],"of":[2,14,50,66,83,90,160,174,184,218],"the":[3,12,45,48,64,81,88,91,115,135,157,161,179,182,188,205,208,216],"study":[4],"presented":[5,116],"in":[6,20,98,121],"this":[7,30],"paper":[8],"is":[9,59,72,147],"to":[10,76,87,114,141,171,204,223],"evaluate":[11],"performance":[13,49],"a":[15,51,99,104,118,165],"proposed":[16,209],"adaptive":[17],"beamforming":[18],"approach":[19,58,140],"cell-free":[21,136],"massive":[22],"multiple":[23,25,39],"input":[24],"output":[26],"(CF-mMIMO)":[27],"orientations.":[28],"To":[29],"end,":[31],"mobile":[32],"stations":[33],"(MSs)":[34],"can":[35,125],"be":[36,126],"served":[37],"by":[38],"access":[40],"points":[41],"(APs)":[42],"simultaneously.":[43],"In":[44],"same":[46],"context,":[47],"dynamic":[52,210],"physical":[53],"resource":[54,138],"block":[55],"(PRB)":[56],"allocation":[57,139,212],"evaluated":[60,192],"as":[61,193],"well,":[62],"where":[63,153],"set":[65],"assigned":[67],"PRBs":[68],"per":[69],"active":[70,219],"MS":[71,167],"constantly":[73],"updated":[74,170],"according":[75],"their":[77],"signal":[78],"strength":[79],"and":[80,177,232],"amount":[82],"interference":[84],"that":[85,163],"cause":[86],"rest":[89],"co-channel":[92],"MSs.":[93],"Performance":[94],"evaluation":[95],"takes":[96],"place":[97],"two-tier":[100],"wireless":[101],"orientation,":[102],"employing":[103],"system-level":[105],"simulator":[106],"designed":[107],"for":[108,128,197],"parallel":[109],"Monte":[110],"Carlo":[111],"simulations.":[112],"According":[113],"results,":[117],"significant":[119],"gain":[120],"energy":[122],"efficiency":[123],"(EE)":[124],"achieved":[127],"medium":[129],"data":[130,199],"rate":[131,200],"services":[132,201],"when":[133],"comparing":[134],"(CF)":[137],"single":[142],"AP":[143],"links":[144],"(non-CF).":[145],"This":[146],"made":[148],"feasible":[149],"via":[150],"cooperative":[151],"beamforming,":[152],"on":[154,178,187],"one":[155],"hand,":[156,181],"radiation":[158],"figures":[159],"APs":[162],"serve":[164],"particular":[166],"are":[168,191],"jointly":[169],"ensure":[172],"quality":[173],"service":[175],"(QoS),":[176],"other":[180,189],"effects":[183],"these":[185],"updates":[186],"MSs":[190],"well.":[194],"Although":[195],"EE":[196],"high":[198],"decreases":[202],"compared":[203],"non-CF":[206],"scenario,":[207],"PRB":[211],"strategy":[213],"significantly":[214],"lowers":[215],"number":[217],"radiating":[220],"elements":[221],"required":[222],"meet":[224],"minimum":[225],"QoS":[226],"standards,":[227],"thereby":[228],"reducing":[229],"both":[230],"hardware":[231],"computational":[233],"demands.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
