{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399800838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3416522","title":"A Practical Method for Identifying ECUs Using Differential Voltage","display_name":"A Practical Method for Identifying ECUs Using Differential Voltage","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399800838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3416522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3416522","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3416522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3416522","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076474506","display_name":"Jungho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-8389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Gyeonggi, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-8389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Gyeonggi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052419128","display_name":"Samuel Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-0817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Gyeonggi, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-0817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Gyeonggi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078308018","display_name":"Yousik Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1955-3177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yousik Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information Security, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1955-3177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information Security, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79247392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"135028","last_page":"135039"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.911300003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.911300003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6700097322463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.4774894416332245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.45472824573516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16314157843589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11506333947181702}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6700097322463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.4774894416332245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.45472824573516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16314157843589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11506333947181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3416522","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3416522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4aaa3f973fcd4ba2b237d4a74b5758c2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4aaa3f973fcd4ba2b237d4a74b5758c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 135028-135039 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3416522","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3416522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1385462516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230657","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","funder_display_name":"Soonchunhyang University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487988739","https://openalex.org/W1558912087","https://openalex.org/W1993180463","https://openalex.org/W2072724180","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2296701710","https://openalex.org/W2536935267","https://openalex.org/W2620604911","https://openalex.org/W2752558064","https://openalex.org/W2790772609","https://openalex.org/W2891250288","https://openalex.org/W2912255229","https://openalex.org/W2963804058","https://openalex.org/W3007940922","https://openalex.org/W3164317619","https://openalex.org/W4212937121","https://openalex.org/W4226503557","https://openalex.org/W4256075531","https://openalex.org/W4297405248","https://openalex.org/W4384787326","https://openalex.org/W6603557143","https://openalex.org/W6950685506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"vehicles":[1,19,36],"are":[2,37,51,170],"rapidly":[3,52],"converging":[4],"with":[5,34,152],"information":[6],"technology":[7],"(IT)":[8],"to":[9,30,67,97,130,155],"improve":[10],"their":[11],"performance":[12,100],"and":[13,20,32,65,70,82,104,147,167,179],"the":[14,47,55,89,98,139],"driver\u2019s":[15],"convenience.":[16],"As":[17,40],"autonomous":[18],"connected":[21],"cars":[22],"become":[23],"more":[24],"popular,":[25],"software":[26],"is":[27,83,94],"increasingly":[28],"added":[29],"vehicles,":[31],"connections":[33],"outside":[35],"also":[38,160],"increasing.":[39],"a":[41,84,125],"result,":[42],"cyberattacks,":[43,176],"which":[44,169],"occur":[45],"in":[46,54,174],"traditional":[48],"IT":[49],"environment,":[50],"appearing":[53],"automotive":[56],"environment.":[57],"Therefore,":[58],"various":[59],"security":[60,86],"measures":[61],"have":[62],"been":[63],"studied":[64],"applied":[66],"protect":[68],"drivers":[69],"pedestrians":[71],"from":[72],"cyberattacks.":[73],"An":[74],"intrusion-detection":[75],"system":[76],"(IDS)":[77],"detects":[78],"in-vehicle":[79,102,107],"network":[80,108],"attacks":[81,162],"representative":[85],"measure.":[87],"However,":[88],"success":[90],"of":[91,101,106],"IDS":[92],"systems":[93,103],"limited":[95],"due":[96],"low":[99],"limitations":[105],"protocols":[109],"such":[110,163],"as":[111,136,138,164],"CAN":[112,140],"(Controller-Area":[113],"Network).":[114],"In":[115],"this":[116],"study,":[117],"we":[118],"propose":[119],"an":[120],"enhanced":[121],"authentication":[122],"technique":[123,143],"using":[124],"differential":[126],"voltage":[127],"uniquely":[128],"assigned":[129],"each":[131],"electronic":[132],"control":[133],"unit":[134],"(ECU)":[135],"well":[137],"identifier.":[141],"This":[142],"uses":[144],"hardware-based":[145],"characteristics":[146],"can":[148,159],"be":[149],"implemented":[150],"inexpensively":[151],"little":[153],"change":[154],"existing":[156],"systems.":[157],"It":[158],"detect":[161],"spoofing,":[165],"replay,":[166],"impersonation,":[168],"most":[171],"frequently":[172],"used":[173],"vehicle":[175],"without":[177],"complex":[178],"expensive":[180],"IDS.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
