{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399728115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415617","title":"Deep Learning in Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy Detection and Grading Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Comparison of Methods","display_name":"Deep Learning in Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy Detection and Grading Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Comparison of Methods","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399728115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3415617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415617","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086199805","display_name":"Israa Y. AbuShawish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3337-8918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Israa Y. Abushawish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083053833","display_name":"Sudipta Modak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5200-5143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudipta Modak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061387916","display_name":"Esam Abdel\u2010Raheem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7596-2077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esam Abdel-Raheem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001164203","display_name":"Soliman A. Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-1796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soliman A. Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025789067","display_name":"Abir Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abir Jaafar Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086199805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":27.2445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9983158,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"84785","last_page":"84802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.949400007724762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7161518931388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7071478366851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5720990896224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47405168414115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23914438486099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.22045189142227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08367031812667847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7161518931388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7071478366851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5720990896224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47405168414115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23914438486099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.22045189142227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08367031812667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3415617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4b7285f79326406faf4ef913f4941c11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4b7285f79326406faf4ef913f4941c11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 84785-84802 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3415617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311065","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316805","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966661","https://openalex.org/W901067443","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115531174","https://openalex.org/W2154549868","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2502390809","https://openalex.org/W2516248911","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2598442119","https://openalex.org/W2828862258","https://openalex.org/W2906933145","https://openalex.org/W2911492792","https://openalex.org/W2948685905","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2974726644","https://openalex.org/W2997399314","https://openalex.org/W2998240002","https://openalex.org/W3111166321","https://openalex.org/W3136354122","https://openalex.org/W3158522809","https://openalex.org/W3166815810","https://openalex.org/W3187589338","https://openalex.org/W3196430628","https://openalex.org/W3197695618","https://openalex.org/W3197750750","https://openalex.org/W3204113170","https://openalex.org/W3211428289","https://openalex.org/W4214539878","https://openalex.org/W4220898925","https://openalex.org/W4220915881","https://openalex.org/W4224235558","https://openalex.org/W4283215312","https://openalex.org/W4291309928","https://openalex.org/W4296977080","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4309778771","https://openalex.org/W4309899681","https://openalex.org/W4310774142","https://openalex.org/W4311599947","https://openalex.org/W4313405243","https://openalex.org/W4313576808","https://openalex.org/W4313648826","https://openalex.org/W4315977407","https://openalex.org/W4317207118","https://openalex.org/W4317211317","https://openalex.org/W4317877444","https://openalex.org/W4318570631","https://openalex.org/W4319441448","https://openalex.org/W4322630607","https://openalex.org/W4352978428","https://openalex.org/W4366419977","https://openalex.org/W4367666119","https://openalex.org/W4380238720","https://openalex.org/W4381433571","https://openalex.org/W4381659311","https://openalex.org/W4383032447","https://openalex.org/W4383225805","https://openalex.org/W4383746218","https://openalex.org/W4384521583","https://openalex.org/W4385603216","https://openalex.org/W4386744283","https://openalex.org/W4387423674","https://openalex.org/W4388203990","https://openalex.org/W4389301979","https://openalex.org/W4389936058","https://openalex.org/W4390737642","https://openalex.org/W4391358719","https://openalex.org/W4391482810","https://openalex.org/W4391547578","https://openalex.org/W4391798186","https://openalex.org/W4392406184","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6762718338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W1588461101","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W3208525924","https://openalex.org/W2591833644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"Retinopathy":[1],"is":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,9,26,36,68,109],"the":[5,24,37,48,66,83,100,137,142,153],"leading":[6],"global":[7],"causes":[8],"vision":[10],"impairment":[11],"and":[12,73,89,116],"blindness":[13],"in":[14,21,39,76,93,141],"humans.":[15],"It":[16,64],"has":[17],"seen":[18],"a":[19,34,103,133],"rise":[20],"prevalence,":[22],"necessitating":[23],"development":[25],"advanced":[27,157],"automatic":[28],"detection":[29,79,115],"methods.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32,101,120],"presents":[33],"survey":[35],"evolution":[38],"deep":[40,56],"learning":[41,53,57,111],"techniques":[42,160],"for":[43,85,112,165],"diabetic":[44,113,166],"retinopathy":[45,114],"detection,":[46],"emphasizing":[47],"transition":[49],"from":[50,125],"traditional":[51],"machine":[52],"to":[54,131,151],"sophisticated":[55],"architectures":[58,140],"such":[59],"as":[60],"convolutional":[61,127],"neural":[62,128],"networks.":[63],"discusses":[65],"role":[67],"transfer":[69,110],"learning,":[70,72],"end-to-end":[71],"hybrid":[74],"models":[75,124],"overcoming":[77],"medical":[78],"challenges":[80],"while":[81],"highlighting":[82],"need":[84],"artificial":[86,158],"intelligence":[87,159],"interpretability":[88],"real-time":[90],"screening":[91],"integration":[92],"clinical":[94],"workflows.":[95],"Building":[96],"on":[97,106],"this":[98,119,145],"survey,":[99],"introduces":[102],"focused":[104],"study":[105,146],"cross-dataset":[107],"deployment":[108],"grading.":[117],"Consequently,":[118],"evaluates":[121],"26":[122],"pre-trained":[123],"various":[126],"network":[129],"families":[130],"provide":[132],"comprehensive":[134],"comparison":[135],"between":[136],"state-of-the-art":[138],"CNN":[139],"field.":[143],"Additionally,":[144],"also":[147],"employs":[148],"Grad-CAM":[149],"visualization":[150],"interpret":[152],"model\u2019s":[154],"decision-making,":[155],"bridging":[156],"with":[161],"practical":[162],"healthcare":[163],"applications":[164],"retinopathy.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
