{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399728095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415083","title":"Billiard Quantum Chaos: A Pioneering Image Encryption Scheme in the Post-Quantum Era","display_name":"Billiard Quantum Chaos: A Pioneering Image Encryption Scheme in the Post-Quantum Era","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399728095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3415083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086844518","display_name":"Seong Oun Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-6255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong Oun Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-6255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070305773","display_name":"Hafiz Muhammad Waseem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-1492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Muhammad Waseem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-1492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063071037","display_name":"Noor Munir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4872-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor Munir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Security, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4872-0177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Security, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.2809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93232973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"85150","last_page":"85164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9588000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9588000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamical-billiards","display_name":"Dynamical billiards","score":0.8067866563796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaos","display_name":"CHAOS (operating system)","score":0.7166591882705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.5666022300720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5591737031936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-chaos","display_name":"Quantum chaos","score":0.53152996301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5164666175842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.500530481338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4625937342643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.4565108120441437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35324323177337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3217742145061493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.2781286835670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.20036384463310242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18516644835472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1850281059741974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-dynamics","display_name":"Quantum dynamics","score":0.1837536096572876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193605512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2903467","display_name":"Dynamical billiards","level":2,"score":0.8067866563796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779374083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011038","display_name":"CHAOS (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7166591882705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5666022300720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5591737031936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136269434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502341","display_name":"Quantum chaos","level":4,"score":0.53152996301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5164666175842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.500530481338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4625937342643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4565108120441437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35324323177337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3217742145061493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2781286835670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.20036384463310242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18516644835472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1850281059741974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15184713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269042","display_name":"Quantum dynamics","level":3,"score":0.1837536096572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3415083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ee0c916244c4d52a25310b22b456f45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5ee0c916244c4d52a25310b22b456f45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 85150-85164 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3415083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3415083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4402263012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00340882","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2937310267","https://openalex.org/W3015599850","https://openalex.org/W3028375266","https://openalex.org/W3083333321","https://openalex.org/W3089176601","https://openalex.org/W3138870414","https://openalex.org/W3160680215","https://openalex.org/W3168655568","https://openalex.org/W3197218539","https://openalex.org/W3197812980","https://openalex.org/W3214306241","https://openalex.org/W4200328444","https://openalex.org/W4205731193","https://openalex.org/W4206266914","https://openalex.org/W4206330329","https://openalex.org/W4207062722","https://openalex.org/W4210381477","https://openalex.org/W4213114431","https://openalex.org/W4214593102","https://openalex.org/W4221094777","https://openalex.org/W4282923875","https://openalex.org/W4282924091","https://openalex.org/W4285299018","https://openalex.org/W4286632509","https://openalex.org/W4296082448","https://openalex.org/W4296143064","https://openalex.org/W4296339011","https://openalex.org/W4307040954","https://openalex.org/W4307101964","https://openalex.org/W4307910037","https://openalex.org/W4309236452","https://openalex.org/W4312819330","https://openalex.org/W4313656939","https://openalex.org/W4316660727","https://openalex.org/W4317472730","https://openalex.org/W4321366837","https://openalex.org/W4377690911","https://openalex.org/W4381837311","https://openalex.org/W4385700631","https://openalex.org/W4386351966","https://openalex.org/W4387591425","https://openalex.org/W4388509892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1795280803","https://openalex.org/W1982120570","https://openalex.org/W2083604252","https://openalex.org/W1968553916","https://openalex.org/W2091812687","https://openalex.org/W1951199926","https://openalex.org/W1967923584","https://openalex.org/W2016071545","https://openalex.org/W2072819994","https://openalex.org/W2051731874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"an":[1,23],"era":[2],"marked":[3],"by":[4,178],"escalating":[5],"data":[6,16,41],"breaches":[7],"and":[8,99,110,120],"the":[9,36,50,59,69,74,79,87,92,117,121,134,138,141,162,175,190],"emergence":[10],"of":[11,61,91,108,140,164],"quantum":[12,31,44,55,84,159,179],"computing,":[13,180],"ensuring":[14],"robust":[15],"security":[17,128,145],"is":[18,114],"paramount.":[19],"This":[20,94],"study":[21],"introduces":[22],"innovative":[24],"image":[25,64,136,187],"encryption":[26,188],"scheme":[27,169],"that":[28],"employs":[29],"billiard":[30,83],"chaos":[32,85],"in":[33,54,63,143,152,189],"conjunction":[34],"with":[35],"Fibonacci":[37,70],"sequence":[38,71,80],"to":[39,126,174],"reinforce":[40],"integrity":[42],"against":[43,101,158],"threats.":[45,104],"The":[46,105],"proposed":[47,122],"approach":[48,96],"exploits":[49],"unpredictable":[51],"behavior":[52],"inherent":[53],"particles,":[56],"thereby":[57],"augmenting":[58],"level":[60],"randomness":[62],"data.":[65],"For":[66],"distributed":[67],"keys,":[68],"operates":[72],"on":[73,116,133],"least":[75,109],"significant":[76,89,112],"bits,":[77],"while":[78],"generated":[81],"through":[82],"affects":[86],"most":[88,111],"bits":[90,113],"image.":[93],"dual-layered":[95],"adds":[97],"complexity":[98],"resilience":[100],"advanced":[102],"persistent":[103],"uniform":[106],"distribution":[107],"contingent":[115],"key":[118],"length,":[119],"model":[123],"ensures":[124],"adaptability":[125],"diverse":[127],"requirements.":[129],"A":[130],"comprehensive":[131],"analysis":[132],"ciphered":[135],"substantiates":[137],"effectiveness":[139],"methodology":[142],"achieving":[144],"objectives.":[146],"Comparative":[147],"assessments":[148],"validate":[149],"its":[150,156],"applicability":[151],"real-world":[153],"scenarios,":[154],"underscoring":[155],"robustness":[157],"attacks.":[160],"Through":[161],"integration":[163],"state-of-the-art":[165],"cryptographic":[166],"techniques,":[167],"this":[168],"presents":[170],"a":[171,182],"formidable":[172],"response":[173],"challenges":[176],"posed":[177],"positioning":[181],"solid":[183],"foundation":[184],"for":[185],"secure":[186],"post-quantum":[191],"era.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}