{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399485385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3412030","title":"Securing MQTT Ecosystem: Exploring Vulnerabilities, Mitigations, and Future Trajectories","display_name":"Securing MQTT Ecosystem: Exploring Vulnerabilities, Mitigations, and Future Trajectories","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399485385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3412030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3412030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3412030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3412030","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031210684","display_name":"Shams Ul Arfeen Laghari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-395X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shams Ul Arfeen Laghari","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-395X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362642","display_name":"Wenhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4342-6676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4342-6676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042044177","display_name":"Selvakumar Manickam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selvakumar Manickam","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4378-1954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045431254","display_name":"Priyadarsi Nanda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-155X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyadarsi Nanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-155X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099072955","display_name":"Ayman Khallel Al-Ani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-0433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3040621137","display_name":"Alsalam University College","ror":"https://ror.org/0047hkh43","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3040621137"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Khallel Al-Ani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity Engineering Technology, Al-Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq","Department of Cybersecurity Engineering Technology, Al Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-0433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity Engineering Technology, Al-Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3040621137"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity Engineering Technology, Al Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3040621137"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054341757","display_name":"Shankar Karuppayah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-6370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shankar Karuppayah","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-6370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre (NAv6), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.5518,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9889424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"139273","last_page":"139289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.8679999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.8679999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.805400013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.7552000284194946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6386741995811462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.5464831590652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.49507132172584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42720115184783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.14749819040298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.10492032766342163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6386741995811462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.5464831590652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.49507132172584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42720115184783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.14749819040298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10492032766342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3412030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3412030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a06f9960bb004d98af71e381afe27e74","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a06f9960bb004d98af71e381afe27e74","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 139273-139289 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3412030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3412030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997199359","https://openalex.org/W2025451090","https://openalex.org/W2028820179","https://openalex.org/W2110450239","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2163895476","https://openalex.org/W2277932354","https://openalex.org/W2400919212","https://openalex.org/W2482139053","https://openalex.org/W2508433864","https://openalex.org/W2520193930","https://openalex.org/W2551166497","https://openalex.org/W2555159923","https://openalex.org/W2765534963","https://openalex.org/W2779139350","https://openalex.org/W2782130228","https://openalex.org/W2783211301","https://openalex.org/W2786647169","https://openalex.org/W2790676552","https://openalex.org/W2794081682","https://openalex.org/W2902193279","https://openalex.org/W2929835212","https://openalex.org/W2945132367","https://openalex.org/W2947283078","https://openalex.org/W2951020844","https://openalex.org/W2953399560","https://openalex.org/W2967521687","https://openalex.org/W2970019629","https://openalex.org/W2973556997","https://openalex.org/W2980056590","https://openalex.org/W2982461031","https://openalex.org/W2989635506","https://openalex.org/W3014187513","https://openalex.org/W3015797940","https://openalex.org/W3019748083","https://openalex.org/W3027336681","https://openalex.org/W3033087204","https://openalex.org/W3034273612","https://openalex.org/W3040576349","https://openalex.org/W3047525908","https://openalex.org/W3087039431","https://openalex.org/W3088847507","https://openalex.org/W3096448935","https://openalex.org/W3097309875","https://openalex.org/W3098620325","https://openalex.org/W3109678174","https://openalex.org/W3118778473","https://openalex.org/W3123719686","https://openalex.org/W3136078224","https://openalex.org/W3159536527","https://openalex.org/W3160155208","https://openalex.org/W3187481784","https://openalex.org/W3196763110","https://openalex.org/W3201480717","https://openalex.org/W3201572484","https://openalex.org/W3210577968","https://openalex.org/W3214696341","https://openalex.org/W4200241656","https://openalex.org/W4206420299","https://openalex.org/W4210565123","https://openalex.org/W4214588581","https://openalex.org/W4220738344","https://openalex.org/W4226043146","https://openalex.org/W4281689894","https://openalex.org/W4283205833","https://openalex.org/W4283312258","https://openalex.org/W4283452968","https://openalex.org/W4285404672","https://openalex.org/W4308410011","https://openalex.org/W4308506966","https://openalex.org/W4309294155","https://openalex.org/W4312038107","https://openalex.org/W4312281779","https://openalex.org/W4313400824","https://openalex.org/W4313481713","https://openalex.org/W4323316080","https://openalex.org/W4365130681","https://openalex.org/W4381051721","https://openalex.org/W4385301098","https://openalex.org/W4385485225","https://openalex.org/W4385776221","https://openalex.org/W4387327864","https://openalex.org/W4387951164","https://openalex.org/W4392198627","https://openalex.org/W6637618429","https://openalex.org/W6744536385","https://openalex.org/W6757665832","https://openalex.org/W6782007757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3188283133","https://openalex.org/W2967645615","https://openalex.org/W4296174532","https://openalex.org/W4379616043","https://openalex.org/W3096163214","https://openalex.org/W3201170624","https://openalex.org/W2936457350","https://openalex.org/W4285362218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Amid":[0],"the":[1,10,29,143,172],"exponential":[2],"rise":[3],"of":[4,6,83,115,139,174],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"devices,":[9],"Message":[11],"Queue":[12],"Telemetry":[13],"Transport":[14],"(MQTT)":[15],"protocol":[16],"has":[17,38],"gained":[18],"prominence":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,49,150],"its":[22],"efficiency":[23],"in":[24,31,44,61,94,156,183],"facilitating":[25],"device-cloud":[26],"interactions.":[27],"Yet,":[28],"surge":[30],"IoT":[32,175,185],"device":[33],"usage":[34],"and":[35,52,86,92,127,154],"MQTT\u2019s":[36],"popularity":[37],"spotlighted":[39],"potential":[40],"security":[41,68,118,140,173],"risks.":[42,159],"Vulnerabilities":[43],"this":[45,108,163],"realm":[46],"can":[47],"lead":[48],"substantial":[50],"disturbances":[51],"financial":[53],"setbacks.":[54],"While":[55],"there":[56],"is":[57],"a":[58,78,112,136,147,161,167,180],"noticeable":[59],"increase":[60],"IoT-related":[62],"attacks,":[63,122],"comprehensive":[64,137],"reviews":[65],"on":[66],"MQTT":[67,84,116,144],"remain":[69],"scarce.":[70],"Existing":[71],"studies":[72],"often":[73],"exhibit":[74],"shortcomings,":[75],"such":[76],"as":[77,166],"broad":[79],"but":[80],"superficial":[81],"discussion":[82],"attacks":[85,141],"countermeasures.":[87],"Additionally,":[88],"many":[89],"essential":[90],"components":[91],"roles":[93],"building":[95],"or":[96],"implementing":[97],"MQTT-based":[98],"applications":[99],"have":[100],"not":[101],"been":[102],"adequately":[103],"addressed.":[104],"This":[105,133],"research":[106],"fills":[107],"void":[109],"by":[110],"offering":[111,146],"contemporary":[113],"analysis":[114],"ecosystem":[117],"challenges,":[119],"encompassing":[120],"prevalent":[121],"their":[123],"repercussions,":[124],"mitigation":[125],"strategies,":[126],"prospective":[128],"areas":[129],"for":[130,170],"further":[131],"research.":[132],"study":[134],"presents":[135],"taxonomy":[138],"within":[142],"ecosystem,":[145],"systematic":[148],"framework":[149],"guide":[151],"researchers,":[152],"businesses,":[153],"end-users":[155],"mitigating":[157],"these":[158],"As":[160],"result,":[162],"work":[164],"serves":[165],"crucial":[168],"resource":[169],"enhancing":[171],"devices":[176],"utilizing":[177],"MQTT,":[178],"marking":[179],"significant":[181],"stride":[182],"safeguarding":[184],"infrastructure.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
