{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399485427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411708","title":"Enhancing Multi-Operator Network Handovers With Blockchain-Enabled SDN Architectures","display_name":"Enhancing Multi-Operator Network Handovers With Blockchain-Enabled SDN Architectures","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399485427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3411708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411708","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069177553","display_name":"Asuquo A. Okon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4111-7104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asuquo A. Okon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4111-7104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012051592","display_name":"Karam M. Sallam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5767-2818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karam M. Sallam","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5767-2818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041061347","display_name":"Md. Farhad Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Farhad Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019755695","display_name":"Nishant Jagannath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishant Jagannath","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-0457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086268677","display_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-7220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-7220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066074266","display_name":"Kumudu S. Munasinghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-8973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumudu S. Munasinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-8973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT and Systems, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2727,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88624626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"82848","last_page":"82866"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8080000877380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8010717630386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5232093334197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.5096983909606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41945403814315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21588784456253052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8080000877380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8010717630386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5232093334197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.5096983909606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41945403814315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21588784456253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3411708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5313b532134a4735856aa1e674b25a41","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5313b532134a4735856aa1e674b25a41","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 82848-82866 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3411708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W623657083","https://openalex.org/W1544376389","https://openalex.org/W1969068463","https://openalex.org/W1982881693","https://openalex.org/W2049773376","https://openalex.org/W2067453331","https://openalex.org/W2109566332","https://openalex.org/W2155593733","https://openalex.org/W2296645514","https://openalex.org/W2564074644","https://openalex.org/W2584158261","https://openalex.org/W2604648097","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2611572520","https://openalex.org/W2613625031","https://openalex.org/W2617619501","https://openalex.org/W2741901456","https://openalex.org/W2754702598","https://openalex.org/W2883271860","https://openalex.org/W2887845465","https://openalex.org/W2905037677","https://openalex.org/W2907863608","https://openalex.org/W2913091928","https://openalex.org/W2914735843","https://openalex.org/W2915469157","https://openalex.org/W2926987861","https://openalex.org/W2938027367","https://openalex.org/W2940848571","https://openalex.org/W2943695687","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2955611229","https://openalex.org/W2969602038","https://openalex.org/W2969971691","https://openalex.org/W2997327475","https://openalex.org/W3011067038","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3016687266","https://openalex.org/W3023134883","https://openalex.org/W3027065086","https://openalex.org/W3036390306","https://openalex.org/W3039840332","https://openalex.org/W3045604743","https://openalex.org/W3095001123","https://openalex.org/W3098532907","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3102975965","https://openalex.org/W3106302305","https://openalex.org/W3111553259","https://openalex.org/W3119558362","https://openalex.org/W3130493776","https://openalex.org/W3136753322","https://openalex.org/W3143015073","https://openalex.org/W3177472323","https://openalex.org/W3196136988","https://openalex.org/W3203778842","https://openalex.org/W4214901175","https://openalex.org/W4285195589","https://openalex.org/W4294796650","https://openalex.org/W4313132015","https://openalex.org/W4313462074","https://openalex.org/W4319988682","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4323361933","https://openalex.org/W4376136913","https://openalex.org/W4386261712","https://openalex.org/W4387116887","https://openalex.org/W6740464627","https://openalex.org/W6761591222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,188],"advancement":[1],"towards":[2],"6G":[3,207],"networks":[4,21],"necessitates":[5],"innovative":[6],"solutions":[7,174],"for":[8,166,182,202],"efficient":[9],"deployment":[10],"and":[11,23,28,52,81,97,109,113,128,133,158,170,186,193,208],"management":[12],"of":[13,19,50,190,195],"heterogeneous":[14],"networks.":[15],"Although":[16],"the":[17,48,180],"synergy":[18],"software-defined":[20],"(SDN)":[22],"blockchain":[24,53],"technology":[25,54],"brings":[26],"cost":[27],"spectrum":[29],"efficiencies":[30],"to":[31,42,55,77,131],"future":[32,176],"network":[33,38,62,79,168,203],"deployments,":[34],"their":[35],"impact":[36],"on":[37,70],"performance":[39,80,204],"is":[40],"yet":[41],"be":[43],"investigated.":[44],"This":[45,161],"paper":[46],"investigates":[47],"integration":[49],"SDN":[51],"facilitate":[56],"seamless":[57],"roaming":[58],"across":[59],"multiple":[60],"mobile":[61],"operators":[63],"(MNOs).":[64],"We":[65],"develop":[66],"analytical":[67],"models":[68,76],"based":[69],"queuing":[71],"theory,":[72],"specifically":[73],"using":[74],"M/M/1":[75],"characterize":[78],"validate":[82],"them":[83],"through":[84],"extensive":[85],"NS-3":[86],"simulations.":[87],"Evaluating":[88],"three":[89],"consensus":[90,191],"mechanisms\u2014Practical":[91],"Byzantine":[92],"Fault":[93],"Tolerance":[94],"(PBFT),":[95],"Raft,":[96],"Paxos\u2014our":[98],"findings":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"Raft\u2019s":[101],"superior":[102],"performance,":[103],"reducing":[104],"end-to-end":[105],"delays":[106,125],"by":[107,126,154],"10.7%":[108],"18.7%":[110],"over":[111],"PBFT":[112,132],"Paxos,":[114,134],"respectively,":[115],"with":[116,135],"increasing":[117],"packet":[118],"arrival":[119],"rate.":[120],"Additionally,":[121],"Raft":[122],"decreases":[123],"handover":[124,151],"12.32%":[127],"25.73%":[129],"compared":[130],"increased":[136],"femtocell":[137,159],"spacing.":[138,160],"Our":[139],"research":[140],"also":[141],"identifies":[142],"cell":[143,196],"residence":[144],"time":[145],"as":[146,199],"a":[147],"critical":[148],"factor":[149],"impacting":[150],"delays,":[152],"influenced":[153],"user":[155,184],"equipment":[156],"speed":[157],"study":[162],"offers":[163],"valuable":[164],"insights":[165],"optimizing":[167],"deployments":[169],"enabling":[171],"dynamic":[172],"mobility":[173],"in":[175,206],"multi-operator":[177],"networks,":[178],"paving":[179],"way":[181],"enhanced":[183],"experiences":[185],"verticals.":[187],"selection":[189],"mechanisms":[192],"understanding":[194],"dynamics":[197],"emerge":[198],"crucial":[200],"considerations":[201],"optimization":[205],"beyond.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
