{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399426386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411152","title":"Multi-Objective Optimization and Comparison of DC/DC Converters for Offshore Wind Turbines","display_name":"Multi-Objective Optimization and Comparison of DC/DC Converters for Offshore Wind Turbines","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399426386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3411152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411152","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031825828","display_name":"Victor Timmers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-6544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victor Timmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-6544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060292308","display_name":"Agust\u00ed Egea\u2010\u00c0lvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-6699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agust\u00ed Egea-\u00c0lvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-6699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047921327","display_name":"Aris Gkountaras","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aris Gkountaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Hamburg, Germany","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030459373","display_name":"Lie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-7866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-7866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031825828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.831,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85273166,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"81236","last_page":"81251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12898","display_name":"Induction Heating and Inverter Technology","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.7888706922531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-power","display_name":"Offshore wind power","score":0.7739453315734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.7180303335189819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.46982645988464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43874409794807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-pipeline","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","score":0.41288405656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3557976186275482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3218603730201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2511274218559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23192328214645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.13621819019317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13506823778152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1337064504623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.06255558133125305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.7888706922531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.7739453315734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.7180303335189819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.46982645988464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43874409794807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.41288405656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3557976186275482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3218603730201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2511274218559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23192328214645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.13621819019317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13506823778152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1337064504623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06255558133125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3411152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:89581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1322077.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/89581/1/Timmers-etal-IEEE-Access-2024-Multi-objective-optimization-and-comparison-of-DC-DC-converters.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:188aae61f7b54282abbe3b6a8bdfe0db","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/188aae61f7b54282abbe3b6a8bdfe0db","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 81236-81251 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3411152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3411152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6287028895","display_name":"Industrial CASE Account - University of Strathclyde 2019","funder_award_id":"EP/T517665/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485555352","https://openalex.org/W1971879185","https://openalex.org/W1973123163","https://openalex.org/W1989971502","https://openalex.org/W2020236999","https://openalex.org/W2021711586","https://openalex.org/W2026444604","https://openalex.org/W2044916532","https://openalex.org/W2052279353","https://openalex.org/W2080838776","https://openalex.org/W2088628620","https://openalex.org/W2091393618","https://openalex.org/W2097095017","https://openalex.org/W2101057470","https://openalex.org/W2109185194","https://openalex.org/W2158114484","https://openalex.org/W2172789537","https://openalex.org/W2292667654","https://openalex.org/W2326060159","https://openalex.org/W2342066536","https://openalex.org/W2468345249","https://openalex.org/W2548729563","https://openalex.org/W2728506505","https://openalex.org/W2742523935","https://openalex.org/W2898826851","https://openalex.org/W2902258173","https://openalex.org/W2999708827","https://openalex.org/W3037568813","https://openalex.org/W3121126843","https://openalex.org/W3125385224","https://openalex.org/W3132715601","https://openalex.org/W3138161949","https://openalex.org/W4206627463","https://openalex.org/W4285732309","https://openalex.org/W4360902747","https://openalex.org/W4387269077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399194038","https://openalex.org/W2340591813","https://openalex.org/W4360902749","https://openalex.org/W962960785","https://openalex.org/W2888883444","https://openalex.org/W2347282218","https://openalex.org/W4389634106","https://openalex.org/W3093855182","https://openalex.org/W2380549563","https://openalex.org/W2375856123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"key":[1],"enabling":[2],"technology":[3],"for":[4,80],"DC":[5],"collection":[6],"systems":[7],"in":[8,57],"offshore":[9],"wind":[10,15],"farms":[11],"is":[12,21,83,114,121,174,189],"a":[13,157],"suitable":[14],"turbine":[16],"DC/DC":[17,43],"converter.":[18,33],"However,":[19],"there":[20,188],"no":[22],"consensus":[23],"regarding":[24],"the":[25,89,97,104,116,122,148,171,175],"topology,":[26],"design,":[27],"or":[28],"operating":[29,138,162],"frequency":[30,78,139,163],"of":[31,41,59,103,140,164],"this":[32],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"presents":[36],"an":[37,136],"optimization":[38],"and":[39,50,64,88,100,132,150,160,183],"comparison":[40],"four":[42],"converter":[44,82,91],"topologies,":[45],"including":[46],"1-phase,":[47],"3-phase,":[48],"unidirectional,":[49],"bidirectional":[51,146],"converters.":[52],"The":[53,76,106],"converters":[54],"are":[55],"compared":[56],"terms":[58],"their":[60],"reliability,":[61,129],"volume,":[62,170],"weight":[63],"losses":[65,134],"at":[66],"switching":[67],"frequencies":[68],"ranging":[69],"from":[70],"500":[71],"Hz":[72],"to":[73,126,142,179],"5":[74],"kHz.":[75,144,166],"medium":[77],"transformer":[79],"each":[81],"designed":[84],"using":[85],"multi-objective":[86],"optimization,":[87],"overall":[90],"volume":[92],"calculation":[93],"takes":[94],"into":[95],"account":[96],"insulation":[98],"requirements":[99],"physical":[101],"configuration":[102],"components.":[105],"results":[107],"show":[108],"that":[109],"if":[110],"only":[111],"unidirectional":[112],"operation":[113],"required,":[115],"1-phase":[117,149],"single":[118],"active":[119,153],"bridge":[120,154],"preferred":[123,176],"option":[124,177],"due":[125,178],"its":[127,168,180],"high":[128],"small":[130],"size":[131],"low":[133],"with":[135],"optimal":[137,161],"up":[141],"2.5":[143],"For":[145],"systems,":[147],"3-phase":[151,172],"dual":[152],"topologies":[155],"have":[156],"similar":[158],"efficiency":[159],"1":[165],"Despite":[167],"higher":[169,181],"version":[173],"reliability":[182],"lower":[184],"device":[185],"stresses,":[186],"provided":[187],"enough":[190],"available":[191],"space.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}