{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399039356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405652","title":"Three-Branch Temporal-Spatial Convolutional Transformer for Motor Imagery EEG Classification","display_name":"Three-Branch Temporal-Spatial Convolutional Transformer for Motor Imagery EEG Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399039356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3405652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405652","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539373.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539373.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010330809","display_name":"Weiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1601-7949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1601-7949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101075112","display_name":"Yiqing Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqing Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102998469","display_name":"Jie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2069-9637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2069-9637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010330809"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.4295,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97930938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"79754","last_page":"79764"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9222999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6879924535751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5510866045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5396547317504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48496294021606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46409621834754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4564724862575531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.40698763728141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11829352378845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.10297536849975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09025734663009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06191033124923706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6879924535751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5510866045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5396547317504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48496294021606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46409621834754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4564724862575531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.40698763728141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11829352378845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10297536849975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09025734663009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06191033124923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3405652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405652","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539373.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82926ceb99de4f79ace856c7be776fb1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82926ceb99de4f79ace856c7be776fb1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 79754-79764 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3405652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405652","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539373.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399039356.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1610928686","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1947251450","https://openalex.org/W1969878365","https://openalex.org/W1996167318","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2760834907","https://openalex.org/W2790517324","https://openalex.org/W2792724009","https://openalex.org/W2907080401","https://openalex.org/W2913201307","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2979373189","https://openalex.org/W3019382044","https://openalex.org/W3087480840","https://openalex.org/W3102455230","https://openalex.org/W3112626072","https://openalex.org/W3128594480","https://openalex.org/W3135511716","https://openalex.org/W3137322316","https://openalex.org/W3167195439","https://openalex.org/W3170753307","https://openalex.org/W4220759551","https://openalex.org/W4223895421","https://openalex.org/W4229068725","https://openalex.org/W4283697851","https://openalex.org/W4292324313","https://openalex.org/W4296703458","https://openalex.org/W4304481492","https://openalex.org/W4309164566","https://openalex.org/W4312083856","https://openalex.org/W4322740268","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6685562342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W2049513647","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W4233722919","https://openalex.org/W4323929055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,47],"the":[1,16,23,39,66,69,90,94,132,139,162,179],"classification":[2],"of":[3,18,27,41,68,103,164],"motor":[4],"imagery":[5],"Electroencephalogram":[6],"(MI-EEG)":[7],"signals":[8,110],"through":[9,72],"deep":[10],"learning":[11],"models,":[12],"challenges":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"insufficiency":[17],"feature":[19],"extraction":[20],"due":[21,32],"to":[22,33,88,123,136,142,160,177],"limited":[24],"receptive":[25],"field":[26],"single-scale":[28],"convolutions,":[29],"and":[30,75,79],"overfitting":[31,91],"small":[34],"training":[35,70],"sets,":[36],"can":[37],"hinder":[38],"perception":[40],"global":[42,80,125],"dependencies":[43],"in":[44,108],"EEG":[45,55,109,145,165],"signals.":[46,166],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"introduce":[51],"a":[52,100,149],"network":[53],"called":[54],"TBTSCTnet,":[56],"which":[57],"represents":[58],"Three-Branch":[59],"Temporal-Spatial":[60],"Convolutional":[61],"Transformer.":[62],"This":[63],"approach":[64],"expands":[65],"size":[67],"set":[71],"Data":[73,85],"Augmentation,":[74],"then":[76],"combines":[77],"local":[78,106,128],"features":[81],"for":[82],"classification.":[83],"Specifically,":[84],"Augmentation":[86],"aims":[87],"mitigate":[89],"issue,":[92],"whereas":[93],"three-branch":[95],"temporal-spatial":[96,129],"convolution":[97],"module":[98,119,152],"captures":[99],"broader":[101],"range":[102],"multi-scale,":[104],"low-level":[105],"information":[107],"more":[111],"effectively":[112,137],"than":[113],"conventional":[114],"CNNs.":[115],"The":[116],"Transformer":[117],"Encoder":[118],"is":[120,158],"directly":[121],"connected":[122,156],"extract":[124],"correlations":[126],"within":[127],"features,":[130],"utilizing":[131],"multi-head":[133],"attention":[134],"mechanism":[135],"enhance":[138],"network\u2019s":[140],"ability":[141],"represent":[143],"relevant":[144],"signal":[146],"features.":[147],"Subsequently,":[148],"simple":[150],"classifier":[151],"based":[153],"on":[154,172],"fully":[155],"layers":[157],"used":[159],"predict":[161],"categories":[163],"Finally,":[167],"extensive":[168],"experiments":[169],"were":[170],"conducted":[171],"two":[173],"public":[174],"MI-EEG":[175],"datasets":[176],"evaluate":[178],"proposed":[180],"method.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}