{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399039296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405559","title":"An Enhanced Loss Function for Semantic Road Segmentation in Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"An Enhanced Loss Function for Semantic Road Segmentation in Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399039296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3405559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405559","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539125.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539125.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007729428","display_name":"Loris Nanni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-7209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Loris Nanni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering (DEI), University of Padova, Padua, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering (DEI), University of Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062894420","display_name":"Sheryl Brahnam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7664-6930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheryl Brahnam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA","Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029045409","display_name":"Andrea Loreggia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9846-0157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Loreggia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007729428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0286,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73834513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"74218","last_page":"74229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9144999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6446990370750427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5684635043144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5260748267173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5180704593658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4938147962093353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4828391671180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45633193850517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19949981570243835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6446990370750427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5684635043144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5260748267173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5180704593658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4938147962093353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4828391671180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45633193850517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19949981570243835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3405559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405559","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539125.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3525641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3525641","pdf_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3525641/2/An_Enhanced_Loss_Function_for_Semantic_Road_Segmentation_in_Remote_Sensing_Images.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cac40f03d5c34895ae9dc2b01a63f8ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cac40f03d5c34895ae9dc2b01a63f8ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 74218-74229 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibs.it:11379/599105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11379/599105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400804","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3405559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3405559","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10539125.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399039296.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535289548","https://openalex.org/W1536729381","https://openalex.org/W2101608218","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2205800717","https://openalex.org/W2547880720","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2566121015","https://openalex.org/W2595964094","https://openalex.org/W2623331213","https://openalex.org/W2638069280","https://openalex.org/W2735039185","https://openalex.org/W2737129951","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2780861787","https://openalex.org/W2787757385","https://openalex.org/W2798925380","https://openalex.org/W2804199516","https://openalex.org/W2804520636","https://openalex.org/W2884281986","https://openalex.org/W2893801697","https://openalex.org/W2949449018","https://openalex.org/W2963270775","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964098128","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2975194617","https://openalex.org/W2984906359","https://openalex.org/W2996544626","https://openalex.org/W3018914855","https://openalex.org/W3022397457","https://openalex.org/W3035012694","https://openalex.org/W3038091703","https://openalex.org/W3089040116","https://openalex.org/W3105636206","https://openalex.org/W3112139896","https://openalex.org/W3147628841","https://openalex.org/W3157557309","https://openalex.org/W3164563478","https://openalex.org/W3165086995","https://openalex.org/W3187359482","https://openalex.org/W3203699578","https://openalex.org/W3204781124","https://openalex.org/W3207536936","https://openalex.org/W4233497883","https://openalex.org/W4280491130","https://openalex.org/W4281694924","https://openalex.org/W4282914989","https://openalex.org/W4295927731","https://openalex.org/W4297426812","https://openalex.org/W4311529505","https://openalex.org/W4313201808","https://openalex.org/W4313436932","https://openalex.org/W4319988665","https://openalex.org/W4323913483","https://openalex.org/W4327620107","https://openalex.org/W4375929559","https://openalex.org/W4377235196","https://openalex.org/W4382313309","https://openalex.org/W4386076599","https://openalex.org/W4387379434","https://openalex.org/W4388430515","https://openalex.org/W4390702120","https://openalex.org/W4390738736","https://openalex.org/W4391825227","https://openalex.org/W4392221638","https://openalex.org/W4392241443","https://openalex.org/W4393170800","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6747986343","https://openalex.org/W6763415409","https://openalex.org/W6911171111","https://openalex.org/W7020680850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W4389858081","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W2095126257","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"analysis":[1],"of":[2,23,31,54,108],"road":[3,24,76,102],"continuity":[4],"in":[5,18,63,91],"satellite":[6,29],"images":[7],"is":[8,13,33,56,95],"a":[9],"complex":[10],"challenge.":[11],"This":[12],"due":[14],"to":[15,97,135],"the":[16,20,28,46,52,59,106,121],"difficulty":[17],"identifying":[19],"directional":[21],"vector":[22],"sections,":[25],"especially":[26],"when":[27],"view":[30],"roads":[32],"obstructed":[34],"by":[35,58],"trees":[36],"or":[37],"other":[38],"structures.":[39],"Today,":[40],"most":[41],"research":[42,67],"focuses":[43],"on":[44,71,87,131],"optimizing":[45],"deep":[47],"learning":[48],"network":[49,117],"topology,":[50],"however,":[51],"accuracy":[53],"segmentation":[55],"affected":[57],"loss":[60,73,84],"function":[61],"used":[62],"training;":[64],"currently,":[65],"little":[66],"has":[68],"been":[69],"published":[70],"ad-hoc":[72],"functions":[74,85],"for":[75,125],"segmentation.":[77],"To":[78],"solve":[79],"this":[80],"problem,":[81],"we":[82],"proposed":[83],"based":[86,118],"topological":[88],"pixel":[89],"analysis,":[90],"which":[92],"more":[93],"weight":[94],"given":[96],"problematic":[98],"pixels":[99],"representing":[100],"non-real":[101],"breaks.":[103],"We":[104],"report":[105],"results":[107],"different":[109],"tests,":[110],"obtaining":[111],"state-of-the-art":[112],"performance":[113],"among":[114],"convolution":[115],"neural":[116],"approaches.":[119],"Both":[120],"code":[122],"and":[123],"information":[124],"replicating":[126],"our":[127],"experiments":[128],"are":[129],"available":[130],"https://github.com/LorisNanni/An-Enhanced-Loss-Function-for-Semantic-Road-Segmentation-in-Remote-Sensing-Images,":[132],"so":[133],"as":[134],"enable":[136],"future":[137],"reliable":[138],"comparisons.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}