{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4397026530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402386","title":"CNN-Based Digital Twin Model for Ultra-High Voltage Direct Current System Loss Measurement","display_name":"CNN-Based Digital Twin Model for Ultra-High Voltage Direct Current System Loss Measurement","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4397026530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3402386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10534074.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10534074.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100446858","display_name":"Xiaodong Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8547-0004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048901827","display_name":"Siyuan Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6474-5859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075808869","display_name":"Jicheng Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-2987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jicheng Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-2987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053788515","display_name":"Feng Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396430","display_name":"Junjie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-5253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738113"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80071102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"70480","last_page":"70488"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6630368232727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48989933729171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4588727056980133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nasa-deep-space-network","display_name":"NASA Deep Space Network","score":0.41271716356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3844970166683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37200692296028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2912123203277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1522921919822693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6630368232727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48989933729171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4588727056980133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187107819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835696","display_name":"NASA Deep Space Network","level":3,"score":0.41271716356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3844970166683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37200692296028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2912123203277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1522921919822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3402386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10534074.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35d2e82dc70e4603a2353bf5ceb6a304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35d2e82dc70e4603a2353bf5ceb6a304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 70480-70488 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3402386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10534074.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G500695806","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2403800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4397026530.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965403681","https://openalex.org/W2050511943","https://openalex.org/W2898728616","https://openalex.org/W2898953671","https://openalex.org/W2900447880","https://openalex.org/W2903987343","https://openalex.org/W2912139718","https://openalex.org/W2912770689","https://openalex.org/W2976672243","https://openalex.org/W2982662750","https://openalex.org/W3016005752","https://openalex.org/W3082703376","https://openalex.org/W3131102099","https://openalex.org/W3209100386","https://openalex.org/W3209478012","https://openalex.org/W4220758732","https://openalex.org/W4296913260","https://openalex.org/W4312631761","https://openalex.org/W4312884771","https://openalex.org/W4322576870","https://openalex.org/W4324291262","https://openalex.org/W4377235368","https://openalex.org/W4383340490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539668349","https://openalex.org/W2142570240","https://openalex.org/W238071703","https://openalex.org/W4386173006","https://openalex.org/W1628910294","https://openalex.org/W3180443350","https://openalex.org/W2039918119","https://openalex.org/W3047727630","https://openalex.org/W2512455116","https://openalex.org/W1612238190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,72,150],"ultra-high":[1],"voltage":[2],"direct":[3],"current":[4],"(UHVDC)":[5],"system":[6,40,67,79,86],"is":[7,70,168,175,187,196],"widely":[8],"constructed":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,43,143,189],"its":[12,19],"suitability":[13],"for":[14,65],"large-capacity":[15],"long-distance":[16],"transmission,":[17],"and":[18,34,74,110,140,147,152,202],"losses":[20,36],"have":[21],"become":[22],"an":[23],"important":[24],"part":[25],"of":[26,37,76,96,123,181],"the":[27,32,38,77,83,88,92,97,118,124,136,145,163,179,182],"power":[28,39],"grid":[29],"losses.":[30,149],"However,":[31],"overall":[33],"subcomponent":[35],"are":[41,80],"difficult":[42],"measure":[44],"by":[45,51],"measuring":[46],"devices":[47,201],"or":[48],"accurately":[49],"calculated":[50],"existing":[52],"algorithms.":[53],"In":[54,91],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"a":[57,101,130],"convolutional":[58],"neural":[59],"network":[60,103],"(CNN)-based":[61],"digital":[62,84,93,98,125,184,199],"twin":[63,94,185,200],"model":[64,95,186,195],"UHVDC":[66,158,206],"loss":[68],"measurement":[69],"proposed.":[71],"parameters":[73],"data":[75,89,160],"physical":[78],"fed":[81],"into":[82],"space":[85,99,126],"through":[87],"interaction.":[90],"system,":[100],"CNN":[102],"with":[104],"added":[105],"topology":[106],"information":[107,142],"extraction":[108],"layers":[109,116],"key":[111],"equipment":[112],"parameter":[113],"adaptive":[114],"perception":[115],"excavates":[117],"deep":[119,138,191],"multidimensional":[120],"correlation":[121],"features":[122,139],"mapping":[127],"data.":[128],"Then":[129],"multi-task":[131],"joint":[132],"processing":[133],"layer":[134],"fuses":[135],"extracted":[137],"missing":[141],"calculate":[144],"total":[146],"sub-component":[148],"training":[151],"testing":[153],"results":[154],"based":[155],"on":[156],"actual":[157,205],"project":[159],"show":[161],"that":[162],"mean":[164],"absolute":[165],"error":[166],"(MAE)":[167],"0.9,":[169],"while":[170],"R":[171],"<sup":[172],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[174],"0.9999,":[176],"which":[177],"proves":[178],"accuracy":[180],"proposed":[183],"superior":[188],"mainstream":[190],"learning":[192],"models.":[193],"This":[194],"embedded":[197],"in":[198,204],"applied":[203],"converter":[207],"stations.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
