{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396982262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402069","title":"An Unsupervised Generative Adversarial Network System to Detect DDoS Attacks in SDN","display_name":"An Unsupervised Generative Adversarial Network System to Detect DDoS Attacks in SDN","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396982262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3402069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017112584","display_name":"Daniel Matheus Brand\u00e3o Lent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1343-0398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127110123","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Londrina","ror":"https://ror.org/01585b035","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel M. Brand\u00e3o Lent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1343-0398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098671003","display_name":"Vitor Gabriel da Silva Ruffo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5392-6921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127110123","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Londrina","ror":"https://ror.org/01585b035","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitor G. da Silva Ruffo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5392-6921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053943069","display_name":"Luiz F. Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3982-0917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz F. Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Federal Technology University of Paran&#x00E1;, Apucarana, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3982-0917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Federal Technology University of Paran&#x00E1;, Apucarana, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061267204","display_name":"Jaime Lloret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-0533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["CN","ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Lloret","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain","Electrical Engineering, , , , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-0533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, , , , , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076776322","display_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147594","display_name":"Universidade do Estado do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5z3x06","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147594"]}],"countries":["BR","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Superior School of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil","Electrical Engineering, , , , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superior School of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, , , , , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046936081","display_name":"M\u00e1rio Lemes Proen\u00e7a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0492-322X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127110123","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Londrina","ror":"https://ror.org/01585b035","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128819","display_name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/033js6g46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}],"countries":["BR","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Lemes Proen\u00e7a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil","Electrical Engineering, , , , , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0492-322X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, , , , , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128819"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061267204"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128819","https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.3411,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98002119,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"70690","last_page":"70706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8209762573242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7401800155639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.6894146800041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.46686244010925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43802326917648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41455280780792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.21889528632164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.10362976789474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09879088401794434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8209762573242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7401800155639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.6894146800041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.46686244010925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43802326917648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41455280780792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.21889528632164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.10362976789474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09879088401794434}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3402069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/206446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/206446","pdf_url":"https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/10251/206446/1/LentRuffoCarvalho%20-%20An%20Unsupervised%20Generative%20Adversarial%20Network%20System%20to%20Detect%20DDoS%20Attacks%20....pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401500","display_name":"RiuNet (Politechnical University of Valencia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1142a5baaca94e1fa0187797c7dc23ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1142a5baaca94e1fa0187797c7dc23ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 70690-70706 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3402069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3402069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2489062931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"306397/2022-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8242980186","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"306607/2023-9","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322771","display_name":"Secret\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, Governo do Estado de Parana","ror":"https://ror.org/05nyhnc56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334115","display_name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2003279372","https://openalex.org/W2036139261","https://openalex.org/W2889109290","https://openalex.org/W3030867923","https://openalex.org/W3116188289","https://openalex.org/W3159415473","https://openalex.org/W3170851865","https://openalex.org/W3193083951","https://openalex.org/W3194105363","https://openalex.org/W3204167189","https://openalex.org/W3214202638","https://openalex.org/W4205388843","https://openalex.org/W4210743106","https://openalex.org/W4221136397","https://openalex.org/W4226057877","https://openalex.org/W4229082741","https://openalex.org/W4281615114","https://openalex.org/W4281770358","https://openalex.org/W4283785073","https://openalex.org/W4285213141","https://openalex.org/W4286206470","https://openalex.org/W4287179235","https://openalex.org/W4289201293","https://openalex.org/W4295528346","https://openalex.org/W4306148624","https://openalex.org/W4306954497","https://openalex.org/W4308041246","https://openalex.org/W4308043267","https://openalex.org/W4309494150","https://openalex.org/W4309575457","https://openalex.org/W4309633412","https://openalex.org/W4310863204","https://openalex.org/W4311457728","https://openalex.org/W4312401446","https://openalex.org/W4313531834","https://openalex.org/W4313898457","https://openalex.org/W4318052012","https://openalex.org/W4318570597","https://openalex.org/W4319758801","https://openalex.org/W4320521804","https://openalex.org/W4328051075","https://openalex.org/W4353093964","https://openalex.org/W4360604161","https://openalex.org/W4361025967","https://openalex.org/W4362472443","https://openalex.org/W4362672505","https://openalex.org/W4366526216","https://openalex.org/W4366729081","https://openalex.org/W4367319881","https://openalex.org/W4379383020","https://openalex.org/W4380684245","https://openalex.org/W4381187158","https://openalex.org/W4382139984","https://openalex.org/W4382654719","https://openalex.org/W4386781412","https://openalex.org/W4389720782","https://openalex.org/W4389937323","https://openalex.org/W4391046504","https://openalex.org/W6741832134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4385421777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"management":[1],"is":[2,29,106,145],"a":[3,30,50,146],"crucial":[4],"task":[5],"to":[6,23,68,93,109,123],"maintain":[7],"modern":[8],"systems":[9,41],"and":[10,20,38,178,193],"applications":[11,14],"running.":[12],"Some":[13],"have":[15,24],"become":[16],"vital":[17],"for":[18,53],"society":[19],"are":[21,166],"expected":[22],"zero":[25],"downtime.":[26],"Software-defined":[27],"networks":[28,77,82,133],"paradigm":[31],"that":[32],"collaborates":[33],"with":[34,83],"the":[35,44,116,127,131,138,153,158,190,196,199],"scalability,":[36],"modularity":[37],"manageability":[39],"of":[40,56,72,100,141,164,187,205],"by":[42,130,152],"centralizing":[43],"network\u2019s":[45,117],"controller.":[46],"However,":[47],"this":[48,125,170],"creates":[49],"weak":[51],"point":[52],"distributed":[54,70,111],"denial":[55,71],"service":[57,73],"attacks":[58,74,96,113],"if":[59],"unprepared.":[60],"This":[61],"study":[62,134],"proposes":[63],"an":[64,98,185],"anomaly":[65,154],"detection":[66,155,182],"system":[67,89],"detect":[69,94],"in":[75,97,169,189,195,208],"software-defined":[76],"using":[78],"generative":[79],"adversarial":[80],"neural":[81],"gated":[84,159],"recurrent":[85,160],"units.":[86],"The":[87,143,181],"proposed":[88,108],"uses":[90],"unsupervised":[91],"learning":[92],"unknown":[95],"interval":[99],"1":[101],"second.":[102],"A":[103],"mitigation":[104,200],"algorithm":[105],"also":[107,167],"stop":[110],"denial-of-service":[112],"from":[114,137],"harming":[115],"operation.":[118],"Two":[119],"datasets":[120],"were":[121],"used":[122,151],"validate":[124],"model:":[126],"first":[128,191],"developed":[129],"computer":[132],"group":[135],"Orion":[136],"State":[139],"University":[140],"Londrina.":[142],"second":[144],"well-known":[147],"dataset:":[148],"CIC-DDoS2019,":[149],"widely":[150],"community.":[156],"Besides":[157],"units,":[161],"other":[162],"types":[163],"neurons":[165],"tested":[168],"work,":[171],"they":[172],"are:":[173],"long":[174],"short-term":[175],"memory,":[176],"convolutional":[177],"temporal":[179],"convolutional.":[180],"module":[183,201],"reached":[184],"F1-score":[186],"99@":[188,204],"dataset":[192],"98@":[194],"second,":[197],"while":[198],"could":[202],"drop":[203],"malicious":[206],"flows":[207],"both":[209],"datasets.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
