{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396941409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401397","title":"Effective Anchor Adaptation and Feature Enhancement Strategies for Tiny Object Detection in Aerial Images","display_name":"Effective Anchor Adaptation and Feature Enhancement Strategies for Tiny Object Detection in Aerial Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396941409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3401397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401397","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530900.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530900.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083395283","display_name":"H. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-4395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haoguang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-4395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085242859","display_name":"Qiang Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-0727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-0727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015693539","display_name":"Lin Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-1104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002399867","display_name":"Xiulei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-3682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiulei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Science and Information Studies, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083395283"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91295386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"69677","last_page":"69689"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7050646543502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7009032368659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6931154131889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6796406507492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5938908457756042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5391974449157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.5330523252487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4733293652534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-enhancement","display_name":"Image enhancement","score":0.4640917181968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4617675840854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4257518947124481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.21922647953033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09211736917495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07728275656700134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7050646543502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7009032368659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6931154131889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6796406507492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5938908457756042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5391974449157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.5330523252487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4733293652534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017601658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image enhancement","level":3,"score":0.4640917181968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4617675840854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4257518947124481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.21922647953033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09211736917495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07728275656700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3401397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401397","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530900.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d39a6362b2944346bcef4c6ffa0fb0f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d39a6362b2944346bcef4c6ffa0fb0f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 69677-69689 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3401397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401397","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530900.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6988370483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2600600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396941409.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2886335102","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963179609","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2991359031","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3092462694","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3160733999","https://openalex.org/W3175630421","https://openalex.org/W3177257155","https://openalex.org/W3208645658","https://openalex.org/W3214677295","https://openalex.org/W4213200979","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4221146106","https://openalex.org/W4225584702","https://openalex.org/W4283717190","https://openalex.org/W4288325606","https://openalex.org/W4290715466","https://openalex.org/W4294982749","https://openalex.org/W4312095858","https://openalex.org/W4312804579","https://openalex.org/W4313172897","https://openalex.org/W4320925627","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386083115","https://openalex.org/W4389611191","https://openalex.org/W4390873750","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6767892146","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6809665764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972256598","https://openalex.org/W4388813151","https://openalex.org/W2610408157","https://openalex.org/W3080333752","https://openalex.org/W2612465689","https://openalex.org/W4284972948","https://openalex.org/W4237245474","https://openalex.org/W2099047584","https://openalex.org/W4327521163","https://openalex.org/W4387801831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,82],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"research":[3],"based":[4,159],"on":[5,160,185,193,198],"anchor-based":[6],"two-stage":[7],"detectors":[8],"has":[9],"achieved":[10],"great":[11],"performance":[12],"improvements":[13],"in":[14,26,46,54,75,150],"aerial":[15],"object":[16,76],"detection":[17,28],"tasks.":[18],"However,":[19],"they":[20],"still":[21],"have":[22],"two":[23,99,103],"significant":[24],"problems":[25],"the":[27,59,87,97,140,180,186,205],"of":[29,207],"tiny":[30,51,62],"objects:":[31],"i)":[32],"The":[33],"preset":[34],"fixed":[35],"anchor":[36,128,135],"is":[37],"not":[38],"conducive":[39],"to":[40,69,95,169],"assigning":[41],"positive":[42,145],"and":[43,78,90,115,146,156,162,189,200],"negative":[44,147],"samples":[45],"RPN":[47,108],"when":[48],"dealing":[49],"with":[50],"objects,":[52],"resulting":[53],"low-quality":[55],"samples.":[56],"ii)":[57],"When":[58],"detector":[60],"encounters":[61],"objects":[63],"lacking":[64],"structural":[65],"details,":[66],"it":[67],"fails":[68],"accurately":[70],"represent":[71],"features,":[72],"causing":[73],"divergence":[74],"features":[77,155],"hindering":[79],"network":[80],"learning.":[81],"this":[83],"work,":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86],"Anchor":[88,106],"Adaptation":[89],"Feature":[91,116],"Enhancement":[92],"Strategies":[93],"(AFS)":[94],"alleviate":[96],"above":[98],"problems.":[100],"AFS":[101],"contains":[102],"optimized":[104],"modules:":[105],"Adaption":[107],"Head":[109],"(A":[110],"<sup":[111,123],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[112,124],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[113,125],"RH)":[114],"Enhanced":[117],"Attention":[118],"Module":[119],"(FEAM).":[120],"Specifically,":[121],"A":[122],"RH":[126],"performs":[127],"adaptive":[129],"learning":[130,137],"by":[131,183],"establishing":[132],"a":[133],"new":[134],"bias":[136],"branch":[138],"from":[139],"feature":[141,172],"map,":[142],"enabling":[143],"higher-quality":[144],"sample":[148],"assignments":[149],"RPN.":[151],"FEAM":[152],"introduces":[153],"global":[154],"mask":[157,165],"attention":[158,168],"FPN,":[161],"presents":[163],"Gaussian":[164],"supervision":[166],"for":[167],"obtain":[170],"stronger":[171],"representation.":[173],"Experiments":[174],"show":[175],"that":[176],"our":[177,208],"method":[178],"improves":[179],"average":[181],"precision":[182],"1.8%":[184],"baseline":[187],"model,":[188],"achieves":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"results":[192],"AI-TOD":[194],"dataset.":[195],"Moreover,":[196],"validation":[197],"AI-TOD-v2":[199],"VisDrone2019":[201],"datasets":[202],"also":[203],"confirms":[204],"effectiveness":[206],"method.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}