{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396886562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401009","title":"A Ghost-Attention Network for Discriminating Tectonic and Non-Tectonic Events on a Small and Imbalanced Dataset","display_name":"A Ghost-Attention Network for Discriminating Tectonic and Non-Tectonic Events on a Small and Imbalanced Dataset","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396886562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3401009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401009","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530284.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530284.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078101971","display_name":"Xinliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6005-2708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6005-2708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035191553","display_name":"Tao Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0087-1730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0087-1730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034618178","display_name":"Hongfeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1817-0492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118281","display_name":"National Earthquake Response Support Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02gzvm828","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118281"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongfeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1817-0492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317569","display_name":"Pengyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5528-6902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5528-6902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062718123","display_name":"Fanchun Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6870-1291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanchun Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6870-1291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Network Science and Big Data Technology, Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7182,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74603673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"68453","last_page":"68462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tectonics","display_name":"Tectonics","score":0.6860788464546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6756764054298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.667592465877533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.579168438911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.545563280582428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5309198498725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5135345458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5118764638900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.5061089396476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.46340087056159973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40691837668418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3267938792705536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2159520983695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.2133711278438568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12554171681404114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.6860788464546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6756764054298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667592465877533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.579168438911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.545563280582428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5309198498725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5135345458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5118764638900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.5061089396476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.46340087056159973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40691837668418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3267938792705536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2159520983695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.2133711278438568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12554171681404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3401009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401009","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530284.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e9e18155ef424330a8420e54ef164125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9e18155ef424330a8420e54ef164125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 68453-68462 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3401009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3401009","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530284.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1487046173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1890124515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41774063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4043622831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6913211950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N2217003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396886562.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050953910","https://openalex.org/W2121709511","https://openalex.org/W2130673803","https://openalex.org/W2167356785","https://openalex.org/W2505190497","https://openalex.org/W2559842663","https://openalex.org/W2781854221","https://openalex.org/W2891027487","https://openalex.org/W2922821838","https://openalex.org/W2923222994","https://openalex.org/W2942977592","https://openalex.org/W2963008249","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2972551281","https://openalex.org/W2988288881","https://openalex.org/W3011256841","https://openalex.org/W3035414587","https://openalex.org/W3045054102","https://openalex.org/W3047855151","https://openalex.org/W3088509531","https://openalex.org/W3111922059","https://openalex.org/W3127361107","https://openalex.org/W3162087910","https://openalex.org/W3200094473","https://openalex.org/W4200037262","https://openalex.org/W4283587137","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4296211525","https://openalex.org/W4296260798","https://openalex.org/W4298009401","https://openalex.org/W4307291243","https://openalex.org/W4312037555","https://openalex.org/W4365518753","https://openalex.org/W4379033846","https://openalex.org/W4386308278","https://openalex.org/W4386542666","https://openalex.org/W4387068156","https://openalex.org/W4389843208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912321008","https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W1998607122","https://openalex.org/W2324368075","https://openalex.org/W2972124131","https://openalex.org/W338149487","https://openalex.org/W4403012196","https://openalex.org/W2972032537","https://openalex.org/W150363521","https://openalex.org/W3154107650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Discrimination":[0],"between":[1],"tectonic":[2,28],"and":[3,12,29,46,74,84,122,127,156],"non-tectonic":[4,30],"events":[5],"is":[6,20],"crucial":[7],"to":[8,23,52,61,91],"assess":[9],"seismic":[10,101],"hazards":[11],"manage":[13],"associated":[14],"risks.":[15],"However,":[16],"the":[17,24,59,97,113,116],"discrimination":[18],"process":[19],"challenging":[21],"due":[22],"imbalanced":[25,154],"distribution":[26],"of":[27,42,124],"events.":[31],"In":[32,130],"this":[33,54],"paper,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"a":[37,132],"ghost-attention":[38],"network":[39,60],"(GA-Net)":[40],"consisting":[41],"multiple":[43],"ghost":[44],"modules":[45,50],"convolutional":[47],"block":[48],"attention":[49],"(CBAMs)":[51],"solve":[53],"problem.":[55],"Ghost":[56],"module":[57],"allows":[58],"extract":[62],"feature":[63],"maps":[64],"using":[65,100],"cost":[66],"effective":[67],"operations,":[68],"which":[69,89],"are":[70],"suitable":[71],"for":[72],"small":[73],"unbalanced":[75],"training":[76,150],"sets.":[77],"CBAM":[78],"emphasizes":[79],"meaningful":[80],"features":[81],"along":[82],"channel":[83],"spatial":[85],"axes,":[86],"effectively":[87],"learning":[88],"information":[90],"emphasize":[92],"or":[93],"suppress.":[94],"We":[95],"train":[96],"proposed":[98,117],"GA-Net":[99,118,143],"data":[102],"from":[103],"Shaanxi":[104],"Province":[105],"in":[106],"China.":[107],"The":[108],"evaluation":[109],"shows":[110],"that":[111],"on":[112,148],"test":[114],"set,":[115],"achieves":[119],"sensitivity,":[120],"specificity,":[121],"accuracy":[123],"96.40%,":[125],"93.24%,":[126],"95.75%,":[128],"respectively.":[129],"addition,":[131],"comparative":[133],"analysis":[134],"with":[135,152],"several":[136,149],"state-of-the-art":[137],"networks":[138],"establishes":[139],"its":[140],"superiority.":[141],"Our":[142],"exhibits":[144],"robust":[145],"generalized":[146],"performance":[147],"sets":[151],"different":[153],"levels":[155],"an":[157],"independent":[158],"dataset.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}