{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396886550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3400987","title":"Knee Osteoarthritis Analysis Using Deep Learning and XAI on X-Rays","display_name":"Knee Osteoarthritis Analysis Using Deep Learning and XAI on X-Rays","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396886550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3400987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3400987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3400987","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530337.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530337.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101498225","display_name":"Rafique Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0903-4477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafique Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IDI), Intelligent Systems and Analytics (ISA) Research Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IDI), Intelligent Systems and Analytics (ISA) Research Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044015235","display_name":"Ali Shariq Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2416-2878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Shariq Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IDI), Intelligent Systems and Analytics (ISA) Research Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IDI), Intelligent Systems and Analytics (ISA) Research Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101498225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":15.5434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99462218,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"68870","last_page":"68879"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10105","display_name":"Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10105","display_name":"Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10285","display_name":"Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management","score":0.9383000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2724","display_name":"Internal Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10200","display_name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies","score":0.9330999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.967258870601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7295916676521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6376010775566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoarthritis","display_name":"Osteoarthritis","score":0.5992391705513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5514678359031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5399248003959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.537735104560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5064560174942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46895140409469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17211678624153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.08762532472610474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.967258870601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7295916676521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6376010775566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776164576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62736","display_name":"Osteoarthritis","level":3,"score":0.5992391705513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5514678359031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5399248003959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.537735104560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5064560174942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46895140409469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17211678624153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08762532472610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3400987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3400987","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530337.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbe1147261b246bd817f0eb4777cb6a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbe1147261b246bd817f0eb4777cb6a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 68870-68879 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3400987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3400987","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10530337.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396886550.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078828283","https://openalex.org/W2253579545","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2755837002","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2951269226","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963202012","https://openalex.org/W2992037462","https://openalex.org/W2999146124","https://openalex.org/W3010911449","https://openalex.org/W3036485623","https://openalex.org/W3046768359","https://openalex.org/W3092937901","https://openalex.org/W3106483999","https://openalex.org/W3117715520","https://openalex.org/W3134091181","https://openalex.org/W3170136465","https://openalex.org/W3192154273","https://openalex.org/W3204673894","https://openalex.org/W3216065183","https://openalex.org/W4220837799","https://openalex.org/W4293572257","https://openalex.org/W4309935983","https://openalex.org/W4310496604","https://openalex.org/W4377007477","https://openalex.org/W4386043865","https://openalex.org/W4387336518","https://openalex.org/W4392118430","https://openalex.org/W4400358960","https://openalex.org/W4401327287","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6851720905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knee":[0],"osteoarthritis":[1],"(OA)":[2],"is":[3,18,22,33,36],"a":[4,101,108],"chronic":[5],"disorder":[6],"mainly":[7],"arising":[8],"from":[9,105,144],"age-related":[10],"factors":[11],"affecting":[12],"the":[13,42,50,53,67,73,81,90,140,145,151,184,192,217],"knee":[14,56,97,197,231],"joints.":[15],"Its":[16],"diagnosis":[17,54],"critically":[19],"important":[20],"which":[21],"usually":[23],"done":[24],"by":[25],"doctors":[26],"using":[27,117,165],"X-ray":[28,38,133],"images.":[29,134],"Although":[30],"this":[31,174],"process":[32],"accurate,":[34],"it":[35,202,228],"time-consuming.":[37],"images":[39],"have":[40],"facilitated":[41],"use":[43],"of":[44,52,55,69,163,179,186],"deep":[45],"learning":[46],"(DL)":[47],"models":[48,87,126,152],"for":[49,111,223],"automation":[51],"OA,":[57],"commonly":[58],"employing":[59],"convolutional":[60],"neural":[61],"network":[62],"(CNN)":[63],"based":[64],"architectures.":[65],"However,":[66,216],"lack":[68],"models\u2019":[70],"interpretability":[71,114,162],"makes":[72],"results":[74,113],"less":[75],"trustworthy.":[76],"This":[77],"work":[78],"builds":[79],"on":[80,129],"existing":[82],"state-of-the-art":[83],"(SOTA)":[84],"pre-trained":[85],"DL":[86,125],"to":[88,107,148,221],"understand":[89],"model\u2019s":[91,193,218],"behavior":[92],"in":[93,173,195],"classifying":[94,196],"highly":[95],"complex":[96],"OA":[98,198,232],"cases":[99,211],"utilizing":[100],"divide-and-conquer":[102],"approach":[103],"-":[104],"multi-class":[106,136],"binary":[109],"class":[110],"better":[112],"and":[115,137,160,209],"explainability":[116],"explainable":[118],"artificial":[119],"intelligence":[120],"(XAI).":[121],"Five":[122],"SOTA":[123],"fine-tuned":[124],"are":[127,171],"tested":[128],"Kellgren-Lawrence":[130],"(KL)":[131],"graded":[132],"Both":[135],"binary-class":[138],"(using":[139],"multiple":[141],"subsets":[142],"derived":[143],"original":[146],"dataset":[147],"examine":[149],"how":[150],"perform":[153],"with":[154,212],"different":[155,189],"data":[156],"combinations)":[157],"classification":[158,214],"approaches":[159],"their":[161],"findings":[164],"Gradient-weighted":[166],"Class":[167],"Activation":[168],"Mapping":[169],"(GradCAM)":[170],"undertaken":[172],"study.":[175],"The":[176],"GradCAM":[177],"visualization":[178],"EfficientNetb7":[180],"demonstrates":[181],"that":[182,227],"when":[183],"degree":[185],"variance":[187],"between":[188],"classes":[190],"increases,":[191],"efficiency":[194],"also":[199],"increases.":[200],"Specifically,":[201],"becomes":[203],"more":[204],"effective":[205],"at":[206],"distinguishing":[207],"normal":[208],"severe":[210],"99.13%":[213],"accuracy.":[215],"efficacy":[219],"drops":[220],"67%":[222],"other":[224],"cases,":[225],"indicating":[226],"cannot":[229],"classify":[230],"as":[233,235],"effectively":[234],"doctors.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
