{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396783532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3399390","title":"Optimal Electricity Load Interruption Based on Time Series Classification With Super Learner and Feature Filtering","display_name":"Optimal Electricity Load Interruption Based on Time Series Classification With Super Learner and Feature Filtering","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396783532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3399390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3399390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3399390","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10528285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10528285.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042655424","display_name":"Solomon Oluwole Akinola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4818-6348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Solomon Oluwole Akinola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4818-6348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041759534","display_name":"Peter Olukanmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8865-4524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Olukanmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8865-4524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682407","display_name":"Qing\u2010Guo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-3716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing-Guo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-3716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066130528","display_name":"Tshilidzi Marwala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-5510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104502","display_name":"United Nations University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cdrde68","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104502"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tshilidzi Marwala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Office Rector, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Office Rector, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104502"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042655424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3937,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58374671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"68249","last_page":"68265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-shedding","display_name":"Load Shedding","score":0.6608074903488159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5942512154579163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brier-score","display_name":"Brier score","score":0.5643690824508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5175315737724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.49434757232666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.47270795702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion-matrix","display_name":"Confusion matrix","score":0.44524261355400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.40006548166275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.310993492603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.27641385793685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2607358396053314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.25667858123779297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Load Shedding","level":4,"score":0.6608074903488159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5942512154579163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35405484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967066","display_name":"Brier score","level":2,"score":0.5643690824508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5175315737724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.49434757232666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.47270795702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.44524261355400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.40006548166275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.310993492603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27641385793685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2607358396053314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25667858123779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3399390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3399390","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10528285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:480bfea518cf464eb76a3dd875b416ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/480bfea518cf464eb76a3dd875b416ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 68249-68265 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3399390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3399390","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10528285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396783532.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W155742717","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1487321909","https://openalex.org/W1514281731","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W2016023958","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2101807845","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2146459408","https://openalex.org/W2153476503","https://openalex.org/W2166183437","https://openalex.org/W2167101736","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2340724260","https://openalex.org/W2476565762","https://openalex.org/W2586665457","https://openalex.org/W2768606982","https://openalex.org/W2775133808","https://openalex.org/W2791891746","https://openalex.org/W2804692431","https://openalex.org/W2807764335","https://openalex.org/W2864622186","https://openalex.org/W2915070752","https://openalex.org/W2955612236","https://openalex.org/W2962716005","https://openalex.org/W2964996054","https://openalex.org/W2966392777","https://openalex.org/W2984797972","https://openalex.org/W3015269186","https://openalex.org/W3030880047","https://openalex.org/W3032669717","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3037983288","https://openalex.org/W3043895269","https://openalex.org/W3083341474","https://openalex.org/W3094163441","https://openalex.org/W3095075163","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3112570503","https://openalex.org/W3128762715","https://openalex.org/W3129813376","https://openalex.org/W3158274860","https://openalex.org/W3168490367","https://openalex.org/W3170302026","https://openalex.org/W3197458444","https://openalex.org/W3215076255","https://openalex.org/W3215295091","https://openalex.org/W4210744773","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4226518837","https://openalex.org/W4233056867","https://openalex.org/W4234971943","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4242410826","https://openalex.org/W4281562850","https://openalex.org/W4284680168","https://openalex.org/W4292874179","https://openalex.org/W4312640516","https://openalex.org/W4319870018","https://openalex.org/W4320001379","https://openalex.org/W4323921070","https://openalex.org/W4385217196","https://openalex.org/W4385295057","https://openalex.org/W6680962578","https://openalex.org/W6682642761","https://openalex.org/W6687403153","https://openalex.org/W6800676525","https://openalex.org/W6810349817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014922968","https://openalex.org/W2066910221","https://openalex.org/W2991998379","https://openalex.org/W2035823501","https://openalex.org/W2054087328","https://openalex.org/W1865483837","https://openalex.org/W2748083280","https://openalex.org/W3047371086","https://openalex.org/W2551890981","https://openalex.org/W2544162450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Load-shedding":[0,37],"is":[1,103],"vital":[2],"for":[3,88,122,129],"managing":[4],"electrical":[5,46],"power":[6,25,47],"shortages":[7],"and":[8,29,35,42,105,149,186,192,195],"avoiding":[9],"grid":[10,26],"collapse.":[11],"However,":[12],"excessive":[13],"electricity":[14],"demand":[15],"poses":[16],"an":[17],"imminent":[18],"threat":[19],"to":[20,32,44,68,118],"the":[21,130,134,138,141,145,158,169,181,196],"overall":[22],"stability":[23],"of":[24,199],"system":[27,48],"(PGS)":[28],"its":[30],"ability":[31],"run":[33],"safely":[34],"reliably.":[36],"strategies":[38],"can":[39],"be":[40],"complicated":[41],"inadequate":[43],"manage":[45],"efficiently.":[49],"The":[50,75,174],"study":[51],"proposed":[52],"a":[53,62,84],"data-driven":[54],"load-shedding":[55,70,92,102,123],"time":[56,86],"series":[57,87],"classification":[58,81],"(TSC)":[59],"technique":[60,132],"employing":[61],"heterogeneous":[63],"ensemble":[64],"super":[65],"learner":[66],"(eSL)":[67],"categorize":[69],"based":[71,107],"on":[72,108],"contributing":[73,109],"features.":[74],"model":[76,179],"investigated":[77],"challenges":[78],"with":[79],"binary":[80],"while":[82,163],"using":[83],"multidimensional":[85],"South":[89],"Africa\u2019s":[90],"hourly":[91],"stages":[93],"in":[94],"MW":[95],"collected":[96],"from":[97],"PGS":[98],"data.":[99],"Considering":[100],"that":[101],"planned":[104],"predicted":[106],"features,":[110],"we":[111],"use":[112],"these":[113],"features":[114],"as":[115],"strong":[116],"indicators":[117],"classify":[119],"expected":[120],"outcomes":[121],"or":[124],"no":[125],"load-shedding.":[126],"Validation":[127],"tests":[128],"suggested":[131],"included":[133],"precision":[135,172],"recall":[136],"curve,":[137],"confusion":[139],"matrix,":[140],"class":[142],"likelihood":[143],"ratio,":[144],"Brier":[146],"skill":[147],"scores":[148],"critical":[150],"difference":[151],"factor":[152],"(CDF).":[153],"Logistic":[154],"regression":[155],"(LR)":[156],"produced":[157],"highest":[159,170,197],"CDF":[160],"average":[161],"score,":[162],"support":[164],"vector":[165],"classifier":[166],"(SVC)":[167],"had":[168],"balanced":[171],"(90.694%).":[173],"recursive":[175],"feature":[176],"elimination":[177],"(RFE)":[178],"exhibited":[180],"most":[182],"significant":[183],"true":[184,187],"negative":[185],"positive":[188],"counts,":[189],"at":[190],"50.59%":[191],"40.84%,":[193],"respectively,":[194],"proportion":[198],"valid":[200],"classifications.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}