{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396754434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3398061","title":"Cervical Spine Fracture Detection and Classification Using Two-Stage Deep Learning Methodology","display_name":"Cervical Spine Fracture Detection and Classification Using Two-Stage Deep Learning Methodology","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396754434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3398061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3398061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3398061","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10522658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10522658.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101721219","display_name":"Muhammad Yaseen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2383-796X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Yaseen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081765557","display_name":"Maisam Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4185-1963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maisam Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101739837","display_name":"Sikandar Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8479-4084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sikandar Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003020971","display_name":"Ali Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6208-6100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113942151","display_name":"Moon-Il Joo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moon-Il Joo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102020002","display_name":"Hee\u2010Cheol Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5399-7647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hee-Cheol Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of AI Convergence, Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, u-AHRC, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, u-AHRC, College of AI Convergence, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of AI Convergence, Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, u-AHRC, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, u-AHRC, College of AI Convergence, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101721219"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.8755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94184442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"72131","last_page":"72142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9246000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.6696634292602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6411682963371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6083729863166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5938252806663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5800949335098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4872237741947174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.47914737462997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-spine","display_name":"Cervical spine","score":0.4768158793449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.46504345536231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.45943683385849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.4073067009449005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.34337788820266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34027430415153503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.113141268491745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.6696634292602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6411682963371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6083729863166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5938252806663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5800949335098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4872237741947174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.47914737462997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985379065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900457","display_name":"Cervical spine","level":2,"score":0.4768158793449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.46504345536231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.45943683385849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4073067009449005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34337788820266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34027430415153503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.113141268491745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3398061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3398061","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10522658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7734bc7b6ec54b59b38bd08ef9455ab3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7734bc7b6ec54b59b38bd08ef9455ab3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 72131-72142 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3398061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3398061","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10522658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396754434.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2786846101","https://openalex.org/W2809254203","https://openalex.org/W2899181150","https://openalex.org/W2902664475","https://openalex.org/W2954400529","https://openalex.org/W3048123412","https://openalex.org/W3082260310","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3149145962","https://openalex.org/W3164925041","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3201811463","https://openalex.org/W3212807205","https://openalex.org/W4234327110","https://openalex.org/W4288442909","https://openalex.org/W4303628264","https://openalex.org/W4318671482","https://openalex.org/W4319430599","https://openalex.org/W4366483396","https://openalex.org/W4367598955","https://openalex.org/W4379930887","https://openalex.org/W4386303392","https://openalex.org/W4388638378","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4400248673","https://openalex.org/W6756804208","https://openalex.org/W6854691059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249377076","https://openalex.org/W4210389441","https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W2395241803","https://openalex.org/W2003211637","https://openalex.org/W2021488205","https://openalex.org/W2604451061","https://openalex.org/W2418110971","https://openalex.org/W1976798724","https://openalex.org/W4323287533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cervical":[0],"spine":[1,63,93,182],"fractures":[2],"are":[3,25,152],"a":[4,57,69,82,89],"medical":[5,41],"emergency":[6],"that":[7],"can":[8,192],"cause":[9],"permanent":[10],"paralysis":[11],"and":[12,27,106,128,135,154,160,195,201],"even":[13],"death.":[14],"Traditional":[15],"fracture":[16,48,83,183],"detection":[17,49,146,188],"techniques,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,99,101],"manual":[21],"radiography":[22],"image":[23],"interpretation,":[24],"time-consuming":[26],"prone":[28],"to":[29,75,115,205],"human":[30],"error.":[31],"Deep":[32],"learning":[33],"algorithms":[34,191],"have":[35],"shown":[36],"promising":[37],"results":[38,147,169],"in":[39,84,198],"various":[40],"imaging":[42],"applications":[43],"i.e.,":[44],"disease":[45],"diagnosis,":[46],"including":[47],"of":[50,81,91,132,142,148,170,176],"bones.":[51],"In":[52,108],"this":[53,124,171],"study,":[54],"we":[55,126],"propose":[56],"two-stage":[58],"approach":[59],"for":[60,103,180],"detecting":[61],"cervical":[62,86,92,120,181],"fractures.":[64],"The":[65,145,156,168],"first":[66],"stage":[67],"employs":[68],"convolutional":[70],"neural":[71],"network":[72],"(CNN)":[73],"model":[74],"determine":[76],"the":[77,85,109,119,130,133,174,187],"presence":[78],"or":[79],"absence":[80],"spine,":[87],"using":[88],"dataset":[90],"Computed":[94],"Tomography":[95],"(CT)":[96],"scan":[97],"images":[98,140],"well":[100],"Grad-CAM":[102],"enhanced":[104],"visualization":[105],"interpretation.":[107],"second":[110],"stage,":[111],"our":[112],"focus":[113],"shifts":[114],"specific":[116],"vertebrae":[117],"within":[118],"spine.":[121],"To":[122],"accomplish":[123],"task,":[125],"trained":[127],"evaluated":[129],"performance":[131],"YOLOv5":[134],"YOLOv8":[136],"models":[137],"with":[138],"9170":[139],"consisting":[141],"seven":[143],"vertebrae.":[144],"both":[149],"YOLO":[150],"versions":[151],"compared":[153],"evaluated.":[155],"precision,":[157],"recall,":[158],"mAP50,":[159],"mAP50-90":[161],"were":[162],"0.900,":[163],"0.890,":[164],"0.935,":[165],"0.872,":[166],"respectively.":[167],"research":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"potential":[175],"deep":[177],"learning-based":[178],"approaches":[179],"detection.":[184],"By":[185],"automating":[186],"process,":[189],"these":[190],"assist":[193],"radiologists":[194],"healthcare":[196],"professionals":[197],"making":[199],"accurate":[200],"timely":[202],"diagnoses,":[203],"leading":[204],"improved":[206],"patient":[207],"outcomes.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}