{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396680620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3397512","title":"UASDAC: An Unsupervised Adaptive Scalable DDoS Attack Classification in Large-Scale IoT Network Under Concept Drift","display_name":"UASDAC: An Unsupervised Adaptive Scalable DDoS Attack Classification in Large-Scale IoT Network Under Concept Drift","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396680620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3397512"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3397512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3397512","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10521519.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10521519.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101704504","display_name":"Saravanan Selvam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-4357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saravanan Selvam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-4357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101916862","display_name":"B. Uma Maheswari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-6860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uma Maheswari Balasubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-6860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.612,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93540155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"64701","last_page":"64716"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8543232083320618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7642596960067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7291147708892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-mining","display_name":"Data stream mining","score":0.66949862241745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.6430891752243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.5163344144821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-drift","display_name":"Concept drift","score":0.5092447996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream","display_name":"Data stream","score":0.42601048946380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4240204393863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.42259517312049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41961681842803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3574788272380829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34636616706848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.314574658870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.24175256490707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12489038705825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08603310585021973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8543232083320618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7642596960067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7291147708892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.66949862241745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.6430891752243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.5163344144821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60777511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045002","display_name":"Concept drift","level":3,"score":0.5092447996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778484313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172540","display_name":"Data stream","level":2,"score":0.42601048946380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4240204393863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.42259517312049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41961681842803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3574788272380829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34636616706848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.314574658870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.24175256490707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12489038705825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08603310585021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3397512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3397512","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10521519.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:870feaeaf0a34f3abd2d06eff4b94a4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/870feaeaf0a34f3abd2d06eff4b94a4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 64701-64716 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3397512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3397512","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10521519.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396680620.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099419573","https://openalex.org/W2489873277","https://openalex.org/W2542459869","https://openalex.org/W2785312969","https://openalex.org/W2798434712","https://openalex.org/W2885293271","https://openalex.org/W2890707978","https://openalex.org/W2898017895","https://openalex.org/W2945556150","https://openalex.org/W2977634018","https://openalex.org/W3004207920","https://openalex.org/W3005260862","https://openalex.org/W3044058243","https://openalex.org/W3090933099","https://openalex.org/W3128811949","https://openalex.org/W3131534565","https://openalex.org/W3132317140","https://openalex.org/W3139478953","https://openalex.org/W3153970166","https://openalex.org/W3157973856","https://openalex.org/W3162706835","https://openalex.org/W3163857886","https://openalex.org/W3168855424","https://openalex.org/W3173515311","https://openalex.org/W3175350659","https://openalex.org/W3197159805","https://openalex.org/W3198054520","https://openalex.org/W3200219001","https://openalex.org/W3208097639","https://openalex.org/W3217284878","https://openalex.org/W4205088899","https://openalex.org/W4205443935","https://openalex.org/W4206268729","https://openalex.org/W4213168906","https://openalex.org/W4220733186","https://openalex.org/W4226048161","https://openalex.org/W4226125749","https://openalex.org/W4281401976","https://openalex.org/W4303184545","https://openalex.org/W4303449845","https://openalex.org/W4309347764","https://openalex.org/W4310349991","https://openalex.org/W4312412796","https://openalex.org/W4322722384","https://openalex.org/W4361278397","https://openalex.org/W4364322549","https://openalex.org/W4381856354","https://openalex.org/W4385696569","https://openalex.org/W4389281369","https://openalex.org/W4393101682","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6794006112"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307392573","https://openalex.org/W2802243998","https://openalex.org/W2736127210","https://openalex.org/W2329342202","https://openalex.org/W2161835057","https://openalex.org/W1521014365","https://openalex.org/W4200217704","https://openalex.org/W3208495060","https://openalex.org/W2740428142","https://openalex.org/W2060628068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Day":[0],"by":[1],"day,":[2],"the":[3,14,64,67,83,87,178,202,209,219,224,239],"number":[4],"of":[5,16,66,91,204,211,241,248],"devices":[6,35],"in":[7,18,57,82,119,121,198,201,213,238],"IoT":[8,19,34,61,92,127,226],"networks":[9,20],"is":[10,21],"increasing,":[11],"and":[12,46,53,70,86,89,105,115,155,158,189,223],"concurrently,":[13],"size":[15],"botnets":[17,28],"also":[22],"expanding.":[23],"Currently,":[24],"attackers":[25],"prefer":[26],"IoT-based":[27],"to":[29,50,111,175,181,193,195,250],"launch":[30],"DDoS":[31,52,117,156,236],"attacks,":[32],"as":[33],"offer":[36],"a":[37],"vast":[38],"attack":[39],"surface.":[40],"Many":[41],"researchers":[42],"have":[43],"proposed":[44],"machine":[45,69],"deep":[47,71],"learning-based":[48],"classifiers":[49],"classify":[51],"benign":[54],"network":[55,93,136,144,161],"traffic":[56,94,118,237],"online":[58,84,123,135,143,160,199],"streams":[59,85,124,166,200],"from":[60,126],"devices.":[62,128],"However,":[63],"performance":[65,210],"traditional":[68],"learning":[72],"algorithms":[73],"deteriorates":[74],"when":[75],"sudden":[76],"concept":[77,113,205,215,242],"or":[78],"data":[79,107,140,173],"drift":[80,114,150,154,216],"occurs":[81],"volume":[88],"velocity":[90],"increases.":[95],"To":[96],"address":[97],"these":[98],"challenges,":[99],"we":[100],"propose":[101],"UASDAC,":[102],"an":[103,134,142,148,159,187,245],"adaptive":[104],"scalable":[106],"pipeline":[108],"designed":[109],"specifically":[110],"handle":[112],"detect":[116],"real-time":[120],"massive":[122],"originating":[125],"UASDAC":[129,170,185,212,233],"incorporates":[130],"three":[131,179],"key":[132],"components:":[133],"stream":[137,145,162],"collector":[138],"for":[139,152,164,167],"collection,":[141],"analyzer":[146],"with":[147],"unsupervised":[149],"detector":[151],"detecting":[153],"traffic,":[157],"repository":[163],"storing":[165],"future":[168],"analytics.":[169],"leverages":[171],"big":[172],"technologies":[174],"implement":[176],"all":[177],"components":[180],"achieve":[182],"scalability.":[183],"Additionally,":[184],"introduces":[186],"effective":[188],"efficient":[190],"retraining":[191],"technique":[192],"adapt":[194],"novel":[196],"patterns":[197],"presence":[203,240],"drift.":[206],"We":[207],"evaluated":[208],"different":[214],"scenarios":[217],"using":[218],"benchmark":[220],"dataset":[221,227],"NSL-KDD":[222],"latest":[225],"IoT23.":[228],"Our":[229],"results":[230],"demonstrate":[231],"that":[232],"effectively":[234],"identifies":[235],"drift,":[243],"achieving":[244],"accuracy":[246],"range":[247],"99.7%":[249],"99.9%.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
