{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396680629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3396999","title":"Automated Detection of Spinal Lesions From CT Scans via Deep Transfer Learning","display_name":"Automated Detection of Spinal Lesions From CT Scans via Deep Transfer Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396680629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3396999"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3396999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3396999","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10520900.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10520900.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011466605","display_name":"Andrea Camisa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8524-2540"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Camisa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helsing, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helsing, London, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108926677","display_name":"Giovanni Montanari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I313325847","display_name":"Salesian Pontifical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qpbmv96","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I313325847"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Montanari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Salcef Group, Rome, Italy","Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Salcef Group, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I313325847"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005195312","display_name":"Andrea Testa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-5320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Testa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055226370","display_name":"Luigi Falzetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8484-163X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121742","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli","ror":"https://ror.org/02ycyys66","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121742","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Falzetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Science and Technologies and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Science and Technologies and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121742"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055307549","display_name":"Sofia Avnet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7843-0591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Avnet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041542214","display_name":"Nicola Baldini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-3833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121742","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli","ror":"https://ror.org/02ycyys66","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121742","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Baldini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Science and Technologies and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy","Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Science and Technologies and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121742"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017893179","display_name":"Giuseppe Notarstefano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0906-7848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Notarstefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011466605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1935,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44736807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"65310","last_page":"65322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8206892013549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7870538830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7743179798126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7165346741676331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6868811845779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5858098268508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.570331335067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4935652017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4600223898887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3509497046470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.156101256608963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8206892013549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7870538830757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7743179798126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7165346741676331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6868811845779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5858098268508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.570331335067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4935652017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4600223898887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3509497046470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.156101256608963}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3396999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3396999","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10520900.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1013574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1013574","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/1013574/3/Automated_Detection_of_Spinal_Lesions_From_CT_Scans_via_Deep_Transfer_Learning.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df01d6d7df2c457abc5cbd851ce04bb0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df01d6d7df2c457abc5cbd851ce04bb0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 65310-65322 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3396999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3396999","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10520900.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396680629.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1871050032","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1988288112","https://openalex.org/W2157342597","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2316233773","https://openalex.org/W2601810159","https://openalex.org/W2775795276","https://openalex.org/W2885065241","https://openalex.org/W2911249309","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2975687978","https://openalex.org/W2982642910","https://openalex.org/W2986785750","https://openalex.org/W2990070310","https://openalex.org/W2995942064","https://openalex.org/W3003510818","https://openalex.org/W3023402713","https://openalex.org/W3028427008","https://openalex.org/W3034750607","https://openalex.org/W3038476345","https://openalex.org/W3049280464","https://openalex.org/W3087969957","https://openalex.org/W3089840510","https://openalex.org/W3112346810","https://openalex.org/W3127376948","https://openalex.org/W3128797821","https://openalex.org/W3131326546","https://openalex.org/W3161437282","https://openalex.org/W4220966852","https://openalex.org/W4283738272","https://openalex.org/W4285101323","https://openalex.org/W4287905993","https://openalex.org/W4297752243","https://openalex.org/W4308327397","https://openalex.org/W4317105211","https://openalex.org/W4390481884","https://openalex.org/W4390706318","https://openalex.org/W4390872110","https://openalex.org/W4391250632","https://openalex.org/W4391467338","https://openalex.org/W4391953422","https://openalex.org/W4391974609","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6752474141","https://openalex.org/W6773344210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W3176438653","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0,36,103,208],"Neural":[1,37,104,209],"Networks":[2,38,210],"are":[3,95,169],"being":[4],"increasingly":[5],"applied":[6],"to":[7,22,63,66,183,198],"the":[8,76,79,84,200,203,213],"detection":[9],"of":[10,18,90,140,150,188,202,232],"anomalies":[11],"in":[12,52],"Computed":[13],"Tomographies":[14],"(CTs).":[15],"The":[16,43,49,111,171],"goal":[17],"this":[19],"paper":[20],"is":[21,57],"implement":[23],"an":[24,60,194],"automated":[25],"Computer-Aided":[26],"Detection":[27],"(CADe)":[28],"system":[29],"for":[30,73],"spinal":[31],"lesions":[32,120],"using":[33,100,176],"CTs":[34,139],"and":[35,56,86,97,106,117,126,131,155,159,167,180,216,229],"pre-trained":[39,211],"on":[40,212],"commercial":[41],"datasets.":[42],"proposed":[44],"pipeline":[45],"works":[46],"as":[47,69],"follows.":[48],"CADe":[50,80],"takes":[51],"input":[53],"CT":[54,77],"scans":[55],"equipped":[58],"with":[59,163],"intuitive":[61],"GUI":[62],"allow":[64],"physicians":[65],"use":[67],"it":[68],"a":[70,101,107,136,185,230],"support":[71],"tool":[72],"diagnoses.":[74],"From":[75],"scans,":[78],"selects":[81],"volumes":[82],"containing":[83,119],"vertebrae":[85,116,118,141,161],"extracts":[87],"2D":[88],"slices":[89,94],"these":[91],"volumes.":[92],"These":[93],"pre-processed":[96],"then":[98],"analyzed":[99],"VGG19":[102],"Network":[105],"tailored,":[108],"binary":[109],"classifier.":[110],"neural":[112],"network":[113],"identifies":[114],"healthy":[115,158],"(e.g.":[121],"metastases,":[122],"primary":[123],"tumors,":[124],"lytic":[125],"sclerotic":[127],"lesions).":[128],"For":[129],"training":[130],"testing":[132],"purposes,":[133],"we":[134,225],"generated":[135],"dataset":[137,172,215],"from":[138,142],"patients":[143],"treated":[144],"at":[145],"IRCCS":[146],"Rizzoli":[147],"Orthopaedics":[148],"Institute":[149],"Bologna,":[151],"Italy,":[152],"between":[153],"2009":[154],"2019.":[156],"Both":[157],"lesioned":[160],"retrieved":[162],"different":[164,207],"tomography":[165],"machines":[166],"setups":[168],"considered.":[170],"has":[173],"been":[174],"enlarged":[175],"data":[177],"augmentation":[178],"techniques":[179],"subsequently":[181],"used":[182],"train":[184],"wide":[186],"range":[187],"deep":[189],"learning":[190],"models.":[191],"We":[192],"perform":[193],"in-depth":[195],"benchmark":[196],"study":[197],"assess":[199],"performance":[201],"considered":[204],"classifier":[205],"against":[206],"ImageNet":[214],"exploiting":[217],"Transfer":[218,222],"Learning":[219,223],"techniques.":[220],"Leveraging":[221],"techniques,":[224],"reached":[226],"93.43%":[227],"accuracy":[228],"recall":[231],"92.99%.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2024-05-07T00:00:00"}
