{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396215013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3395063","title":"A Systematic Investigation of Image Pre-Processing on Image Classification","display_name":"A Systematic Investigation of Image Pre-Processing on Image Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396215013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3395063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3395063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3395063","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10510278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10510278.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095926510","display_name":"Pegah Dehbozorgi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0719-902X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349226","display_name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02se0t636","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76198965","display_name":"Friedrich Schiller University Jena","ror":"https://ror.org/05qpz1x62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pegah Dehbozorgi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany","Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany","Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0719-902X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226","https://openalex.org/I76198965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025971115","display_name":"Oleg Ryabchykov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4655-8080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349226","display_name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02se0t636","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76198965","display_name":"Friedrich Schiller University Jena","ror":"https://ror.org/05qpz1x62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oleg Ryabchykov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany","Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany","Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226","https://openalex.org/I76198965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034502482","display_name":"Thomas Bocklitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2778-6624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349226","display_name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02se0t636","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76198965","display_name":"Friedrich Schiller University Jena","ror":"https://ror.org/05qpz1x62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Bocklitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany","Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena, Germany","Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2778-6624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226","https://openalex.org/I76198965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5095926510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349226","https://openalex.org/I76198965"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.005,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98347187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"64913","last_page":"64926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.696640133857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.6906158924102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6789708137512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.5788811445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.5278708338737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4701281487941742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.448669970035553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image-processing","display_name":"Digital image processing","score":0.41788890957832336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3686944544315338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3595457673072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.125859797000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09992831945419312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.696640133857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.6906158924102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6789708137512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.5788811445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.5278708338737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4701281487941742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.448669970035553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Digital image processing","level":4,"score":0.41788890957832336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3686944544315338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3595457673072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.125859797000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09992831945419312}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3395063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3395063","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10510278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e2b23ce16a8d43bc9c911b34d8ee1cab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e2b23ce16a8d43bc9c911b34d8ee1cab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 64913-64926 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.db-thueringen.de:dbt_mods_00061960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:27-dbt-61960-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400120","display_name":"Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210149878","host_organization_name":"Verbundzentrale des GBV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3395063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3395063","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10510278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G446763019","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"512648189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396215013.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W232876404","https://openalex.org/W626427215","https://openalex.org/W810947890","https://openalex.org/W1480142183","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1980658573","https://openalex.org/W2084668230","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2122287830","https://openalex.org/W2125446129","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2138378837","https://openalex.org/W2142943278","https://openalex.org/W2164117960","https://openalex.org/W2418802570","https://openalex.org/W2436973322","https://openalex.org/W2495566817","https://openalex.org/W2513765448","https://openalex.org/W2607261763","https://openalex.org/W2725171488","https://openalex.org/W2798251715","https://openalex.org/W2905517584","https://openalex.org/W2913095566","https://openalex.org/W2938217109","https://openalex.org/W2978631110","https://openalex.org/W2988347267","https://openalex.org/W3118308691","https://openalex.org/W3128912124","https://openalex.org/W3129227081","https://openalex.org/W3129276844","https://openalex.org/W3183522126","https://openalex.org/W3201017021","https://openalex.org/W3211074487","https://openalex.org/W4220898502","https://openalex.org/W4225639061","https://openalex.org/W4319792529","https://openalex.org/W4321437252","https://openalex.org/W4353083551","https://openalex.org/W4381848025","https://openalex.org/W4387122197","https://openalex.org/W6609126827","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6802962544","https://openalex.org/W7017132685"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2941415828","https://openalex.org/W2081985452","https://openalex.org/W1504972346","https://openalex.org/W4386504616","https://openalex.org/W1593730969","https://openalex.org/W2561491196","https://openalex.org/W2356087891","https://openalex.org/W2358437414","https://openalex.org/W3161795970","https://openalex.org/W2775496002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AI-powered":[0],"image":[1,18],"analysis":[2],"is":[3,44,57],"a":[4,21,45,58,102,132],"transformative":[5],"technology":[6],"with":[7,173,240],"immense":[8],"potential":[9],"to":[10,34,48,71,74,121,145,151,158,236],"enhance":[11],"diagnostics":[12],"and":[13,27,36,52,96,109,115,156,201,208],"patient":[14],"care.":[15],"Accurate":[16],"medical":[17,40],"assessment":[19],"plays":[20],"crucial":[22],"role":[23],"in":[24,39,138,177,195],"disease":[25],"detection":[26],"treatment":[28],"planning,":[29],"yet":[30,104],"challenges":[31],"arise":[32],"due":[33],"noise":[35],"visual":[37],"variations":[38],"imaging.":[41],"Image":[42],"pre-processing":[43,86,133,169,192,217],"key":[46],"solution":[47],"address":[49],"these":[50],"challenges,":[51],"while":[53],"widely":[54],"used,":[55],"there":[56],"lack":[59],"of":[60,85,107,125,185,198,219],"studies":[61],"on":[62,87],"its":[63],"effectiveness.":[64],"Recognizing":[65],"this":[66,75],"gap,":[67],"our":[68,126],"research":[69,79],"aims":[70],"contribute":[72],"insights":[73],"scientific":[76],"scope.":[77],"This":[78,232],"specifically":[80],"delves":[81],"into":[82],"the":[83,88,123,139,178,186,191,196,199,206,216,220,229,237],"impact":[84],"binary":[89,140],"classification":[90,141],"model":[91,95],"performance,":[92],"rather":[93],"than":[94],"hyperparameter":[97],"optimization.":[98],"We":[99,189,212],"deliberately":[100],"selected":[101],"limited":[103],"comprehensive":[105],"subset":[106],"methods":[108],"datasets;":[110],"H&E-stained":[111,148],"tissue,":[112,149],"chest":[113,154],"X-ray,":[114],"retina":[116],"OCT":[117,162],"images":[118],"were":[119,171],"chosen":[120,187],"ensure":[122],"generalizability":[124],"findings.":[127],"Analysis":[128],"revealed":[129],"that":[130,215],"implementing":[131],"significantly":[134],"improved":[135],"mean":[136,210],"sensitivity":[137],"models:":[142],"from":[143],"0.87":[144],"0.97":[146],"for":[147,153,160,167,228],"0.92":[150],"0.96":[152,157],"X-rays,":[155],"0.99":[159],"Retina":[161],"images.":[163],"Two":[164],"different":[165],"sequences":[166],"applying":[168],"steps":[170,193,218],"explored,":[172],"minimal":[174,225],"effect":[175],"observed":[176],"altered":[179],"sequences,":[180],"indicating":[181],"consistent":[182],"improvement":[183],"regardless":[184],"sequence.":[188],"investigated":[190],"employed":[194],"40":[197],"best-performing":[200,221],"worst-performing":[202,238],"models,":[203],"determined":[204],"by":[205],"higher":[207],"lower":[209,241],"sensitivities.":[211],"have":[213],"uncovered":[214],"models":[222,239],"displayed":[223],"only":[224],"similarities,":[226],"except":[227],"pooling":[230],"mode.":[231],"observation":[233],"also":[234],"applied":[235],"sensitivity.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}