{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395661535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393934","title":"RAFBSD: An Efficient Detector for Accurate Identification of Defects in Photovoltaic Cells","display_name":"RAFBSD: An Efficient Detector for Accurate Identification of Defects in Photovoltaic Cells","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395661535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393934"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393934","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101446709","display_name":"Huilin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2524-5719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huilin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101909511","display_name":"Haibo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3844-2897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086762852","display_name":"Chunmei Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-3784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunmei Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064732712","display_name":"Taochuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taochuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425314","display_name":"Liang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4012-8040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101446709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.7891,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93200028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"61512","last_page":"61528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7458818554878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6814756989479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6470212936401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44082513451576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4071483314037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4035046696662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16956040263175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10979634523391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09643685817718506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7458818554878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6814756989479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6470212936401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44082513451576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4071483314037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4035046696662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16956040263175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10979634523391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09643685817718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:87ff90e1a33d442da4519763fae33296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/87ff90e1a33d442da4519763fae33296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 61512-61528 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4893995642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JC0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330206","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330206","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129978592","https://openalex.org/W2825063406","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2980326480","https://openalex.org/W2986227107","https://openalex.org/W3004904391","https://openalex.org/W3012756106","https://openalex.org/W3016300103","https://openalex.org/W3034421924","https://openalex.org/W3040739812","https://openalex.org/W3118035739","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3154872378","https://openalex.org/W3177349073","https://openalex.org/W3196398188","https://openalex.org/W4205465778","https://openalex.org/W4225888491","https://openalex.org/W4282964635","https://openalex.org/W4296412923","https://openalex.org/W4297810817","https://openalex.org/W4308067883","https://openalex.org/W4312275038","https://openalex.org/W4312301511","https://openalex.org/W4312960790","https://openalex.org/W4313578368","https://openalex.org/W4316021495","https://openalex.org/W4316843048","https://openalex.org/W4318149008","https://openalex.org/W4362707005","https://openalex.org/W4366310361","https://openalex.org/W4377092471","https://openalex.org/W4377981744","https://openalex.org/W4378649633","https://openalex.org/W4382987479","https://openalex.org/W4383899311","https://openalex.org/W4386820970","https://openalex.org/W4387499231","https://openalex.org/W4387968135","https://openalex.org/W4393139826","https://openalex.org/W4402305045","https://openalex.org/W6753038380","https://openalex.org/W6767312599","https://openalex.org/W6773603168","https://openalex.org/W6843259600","https://openalex.org/W6848583613","https://openalex.org/W6848712460","https://openalex.org/W6851743980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W4404995717","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W4404725684","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W2898370298","https://openalex.org/W2137437058","https://openalex.org/W4405893659","https://openalex.org/W4404784341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"defect":[1],"detection":[2,178],"for":[3],"photovoltaic":[4],"(PV)":[5],"electroluminescence":[6],"(EL)":[7],"images":[8],"faces":[9],"three":[10,164],"challenges:":[11],"limited":[12],"training":[13],"data":[14],"and":[15,37,104,135,175],"complex":[16],"backgrounds":[17],"result":[18],"in":[19,22,43,130,149],"low":[20],"accuracy":[21,112],"detecting":[23],"defects;":[24],"the":[25,54,71,99,105,157],"diverse":[26],"shapes":[27],"of":[28,153,160],"specific":[29,48],"defects":[30],"often":[31],"lead":[32],"to":[33,64,78,118,123,145],"frequent":[34],"false":[35],"alarms;":[36],"existing":[38],"models":[39,162],"still":[40],"require":[41],"improvement":[42],"accurately":[44],"recognizing":[45],"these":[46,66],"12":[47,150],"defects.":[49,84],"An":[50],"innovative":[51],"detector,":[52],"called":[53],"Reconfigurable":[55],"Adaptive":[56],"Focus":[57],"Background":[58],"Suppression":[59],"Detector":[60],"(RAFBSD),":[61],"is":[62],"proposed":[63],"tackle":[65],"challenges.":[67],"This":[68],"approach":[69],"utilizes":[70],"advanced":[72],"Deformable":[73],"Attention":[74,107],"Transformer":[75],"(DAT)":[76],"technology":[77],"effectively":[79,114],"focus":[80],"on":[81],"regions":[82],"with":[83],"By":[85],"doing":[86],"so,":[87],"it":[88],"captures":[89],"more":[90],"informative":[91],"features":[92],"while":[93],"significantly":[94],"reducing":[95],"noise":[96],"interference.":[97],"Additionally,":[98],"Omni-dimensional":[100],"Dynamic":[101],"Convolution":[102],"(ODConv)":[103],"Receptive-Field":[106],"convolutional":[108],"(RFAConv)":[109],"modules":[110],"enhance":[111],"by":[113,163],"allocating":[115],"attention":[116],"weights":[117],"optimize":[119],"model":[120],"performance.":[121],"Compared":[122],"YOLOv8,":[124],"RAFBSD":[125,140,171],"has":[126],"demonstrated":[127],"substantial":[128],"enhancements":[129],"both":[131],"mAP50":[132],"(by":[133,137],"4.7%)":[134],"mAP50-95":[136],"5.3%).":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"demonstrates":[141],"an":[142,173],"outstanding":[143],"capability":[144],"precisely":[146],"identify":[147],"flaws":[148],"different":[151],"classifications":[152],"PVEL":[154],"images,":[155],"exceeding":[156],"recognition":[158],"capacity":[159],"YOLOv8":[161],"additional":[165],"types.":[166],"These":[167],"findings":[168],"unequivocally":[169],"establish":[170],"as":[172],"efficient":[174],"groundbreaking":[176],"object":[177],"model.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}