{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395470979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393856","title":"Detection of Sarcasm in Urdu Tweets Using Deep Learning and Transformer Based Hybrid Approaches","display_name":"Detection of Sarcasm in Urdu Tweets Using Deep Learning and Transformer Based Hybrid Approaches","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395470979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393856","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508575.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508575.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101649212","display_name":"Muhammad Ehtisham Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2476-0627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ehtisham Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100983040","display_name":"Masroor Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-8539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masroor Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-8539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092833966","display_name":"Iffat Maab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7352-3940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iffat Maab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Management for Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7352-3940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Management for Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089172584","display_name":"Usman Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4793-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Department, FAST School of Computing, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4793-6239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, FAST School of Computing, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100732302","display_name":"Muhammad Attique Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-3858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Attique Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-3858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106672136","display_name":"Anum Masood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anum Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5757-1938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.0012,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9574029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"61542","last_page":"61555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcasm","display_name":"Sarcasm","score":0.9001080393791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6950753331184387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.6527739763259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.609423816204071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5699192881584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40746232867240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3972410559654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3549324870109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10714942216873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08085289597511292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06608560681343079}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191035","display_name":"Sarcasm","level":3,"score":0.9001080393791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6950753331184387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.6527739763259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.609423816204071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5699192881584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40746232867240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3972410559654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3549324870109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10714942216873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08085289597511292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06608560681343079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779975665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131361","display_name":"Irony","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393856","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508575.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:debd2d3ae157468b8932f92aee64e07f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/debd2d3ae157468b8932f92aee64e07f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 61542-61555 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393856","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508575.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322832","display_name":"University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325824","display_name":"Directorate of Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395470979.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395470979.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566289585","https://openalex.org/W1960210438","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2077018496","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2232443784","https://openalex.org/W2250489604","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2252381721","https://openalex.org/W2472594302","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2512532697","https://openalex.org/W2514588627","https://openalex.org/W2544767710","https://openalex.org/W2548006041","https://openalex.org/W2576683119","https://openalex.org/W2605134724","https://openalex.org/W2615369478","https://openalex.org/W2618461247","https://openalex.org/W2624775096","https://openalex.org/W2739890004","https://openalex.org/W2780799698","https://openalex.org/W2781626870","https://openalex.org/W2787673610","https://openalex.org/W2795342689","https://openalex.org/W2886444838","https://openalex.org/W2886509668","https://openalex.org/W2887692705","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2896556344","https://openalex.org/W2901469510","https://openalex.org/W2916095201","https://openalex.org/W2937626916","https://openalex.org/W2942108662","https://openalex.org/W2951042832","https://openalex.org/W2952638691","https://openalex.org/W2964066928","https://openalex.org/W2964126051","https://openalex.org/W2965543319","https://openalex.org/W2968386811","https://openalex.org/W2998135150","https://openalex.org/W3010500276","https://openalex.org/W3015645773","https://openalex.org/W3033096878","https://openalex.org/W3038402194","https://openalex.org/W3122631664","https://openalex.org/W3148700153","https://openalex.org/W3173199533","https://openalex.org/W3176558250","https://openalex.org/W3190710171","https://openalex.org/W3194774163","https://openalex.org/W3207764660","https://openalex.org/W4211186029","https://openalex.org/W4220866756","https://openalex.org/W4226418765","https://openalex.org/W4249930254","https://openalex.org/W4286224758","https://openalex.org/W4293799727","https://openalex.org/W4297805823","https://openalex.org/W4323520194","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6691288977","https://openalex.org/W6729026263","https://openalex.org/W6732295346","https://openalex.org/W6751825722","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6840894974"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900446122","https://openalex.org/W3037315328","https://openalex.org/W4312684429","https://openalex.org/W3101138303","https://openalex.org/W2349372848","https://openalex.org/W2753593955","https://openalex.org/W2907442881","https://openalex.org/W3018705632","https://openalex.org/W3046053481","https://openalex.org/W2250347524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sarcasm":[0],"has":[1],"a":[2,55,122,176],"significant":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,29,58,70,101],"human":[6],"communication":[7,35],"especially":[8,69],"on":[9,37],"social":[10],"media":[11],"platforms":[12,38],"where":[13,74],"users":[14],"express":[15],"their":[16],"sentiments":[17],"through":[18],"humor,":[19],"satire,":[20],"and":[21,33,65,92,135,166,189,209],"criticism.":[22],"The":[23,63,80,196],"identification":[24],"of":[25,44,47,52,89,95,149,207,213],"sarcasm":[26,53,126],"is":[27],"crucial":[28],"comprehending":[30],"the":[31,34,45,50,85,90,98,104,143,171],"sentiment":[32],"context":[36],"like":[39,72,111],"Twitter.":[40],"This":[41],"ambiguous":[42],"nature":[43,94],"expression":[46],"content":[48],"presents":[49],"detection":[51],"as":[54],"considerable":[56],"challenge":[57],"natural":[59],"language":[60,108],"processing":[61],"(NLP).":[62],"importance":[64],"challenges":[66],"increase":[67],"further,":[68],"languages":[71],"Urdu":[73,125,145,194],"resources":[75],"for":[76,193],"NLP":[77],"are":[78],"limited.":[79],"traditional":[81],"rule-based":[82],"approaches":[83],"lack":[84],"desired":[86],"performance":[87,202],"because":[88],"subtle":[91],"context-based":[93],"sarcasm.":[96,195],"However,":[97],"recent":[99],"advancements":[100],"NLP,":[102],"particularly":[103],"transformer":[105],"architecture-based":[106],"large":[107],"models":[109],"(LLMs)":[110],"BERT":[112,184],"offer":[113],"promising":[114],"solutions.":[115],"In":[116],"this":[117],"research,":[118],"we":[119,174],"have":[120,153],"utilized":[121],"newly":[123],"created":[124],"dataset":[127,147],"comprising":[128,161],"12,910":[129],"tweets":[130,139],"manually":[131],"re-annotated":[132],"into":[133],"sarcastic":[134],"non-sarcastic":[136],"classes.":[137],"These":[138],"were":[140],"derived":[141],"from":[142],"public":[144],"tweet":[146],"consisting":[148],"19,995":[150],"tweets.":[151],"We":[152],"established":[154],"baseline":[155],"results":[156],"using":[157],"deep":[158,216],"learning":[159,217],"classifiers":[160,218],"CNN,":[162],"LSTM,":[163],"GRU,":[164],"BiLSTM,":[165],"CNN-LSTM.":[167],"To":[168],"comprehensively":[169],"capture":[170],"contextual":[172],"information,":[173],"propose":[175],"novel":[177],"hybrid":[178],"model":[179,199],"architecture":[180],"that":[181],"integrates":[182],"multilingual":[183],"(mBERT)":[185],"embeddings":[186],"with":[187,220],"BiLSTM":[188],"multi-head":[190],"attention":[191],"(MHA)":[192],"proposed":[197],"mBERT-BiLSTM-MHA":[198],"demonstrates":[200],"superior":[201],"by":[203],"achieving":[204],"an":[205,210],"accuracy":[206],"79.51%":[208],"F1":[211],"score":[212],"80.04%,":[214],"outperforming":[215],"trained":[219],"fastText":[221],"word":[222],"embeddings.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}