{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395447491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393482","title":"Coordinated Behavior in Information Operations on Twitter","display_name":"Coordinated Behavior in Information Operations on Twitter","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395447491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393482","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508551.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508551.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101814404","display_name":"Lorenzo Cima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5815-0437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Cima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5815-0437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049519903","display_name":"Lorenzo Mannocci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5556-3746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Mannocci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5556-3746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037861439","display_name":"Marco Avvenuti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-0348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Avvenuti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066142255","display_name":"Maurizio Tesconi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8228-7807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Tesconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8228-7807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056754015","display_name":"Stefano Cresci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-2445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Cresci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-2445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics (IIT), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.2909,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92771344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"61568","last_page":"61585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6467929482460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-behavior","display_name":"Information behavior","score":0.42203304171562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3297259211540222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.31442785263061523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6467929482460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776933542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18418842","display_name":"Information behavior","level":2,"score":0.42203304171562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3297259211540222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.31442785263061523}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393482","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508551.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1233527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1233527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e2129cb51f2649b38e40fff20e1247be","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e2129cb51f2649b38e40fff20e1247be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 61568-61585 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393482","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10508551.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1016895160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNRR-M4C2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4508289328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274803949","display_name":"SoBigData++: European Integrated Infrastructure for Social Mining and Big Data Analytics","funder_award_id":"871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8409961469","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Spoke 1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395447491.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395447491.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38619841","https://openalex.org/W1600301157","https://openalex.org/W1980919569","https://openalex.org/W1991959896","https://openalex.org/W2047940964","https://openalex.org/W2109726592","https://openalex.org/W2259668467","https://openalex.org/W2323089017","https://openalex.org/W2596225776","https://openalex.org/W2605286186","https://openalex.org/W2621161491","https://openalex.org/W2740550617","https://openalex.org/W2805120555","https://openalex.org/W2900681641","https://openalex.org/W2918408501","https://openalex.org/W2921432747","https://openalex.org/W2944828299","https://openalex.org/W2947849028","https://openalex.org/W2962899505","https://openalex.org/W2963395938","https://openalex.org/W2963910833","https://openalex.org/W2971881481","https://openalex.org/W2982047289","https://openalex.org/W2988120509","https://openalex.org/W2989219518","https://openalex.org/W3008694996","https://openalex.org/W3010073762","https://openalex.org/W3010968540","https://openalex.org/W3014935876","https://openalex.org/W3033639178","https://openalex.org/W3034324260","https://openalex.org/W3037924975","https://openalex.org/W3043892524","https://openalex.org/W3048205690","https://openalex.org/W3068316593","https://openalex.org/W3086748812","https://openalex.org/W3096436014","https://openalex.org/W3098101451","https://openalex.org/W3103365091","https://openalex.org/W3133680136","https://openalex.org/W3135094997","https://openalex.org/W3151343903","https://openalex.org/W3160019056","https://openalex.org/W3163217719","https://openalex.org/W3174204002","https://openalex.org/W3201996366","https://openalex.org/W3205169765","https://openalex.org/W3207319561","https://openalex.org/W3210546290","https://openalex.org/W3210636376","https://openalex.org/W4206256619","https://openalex.org/W4214694322","https://openalex.org/W4221154202","https://openalex.org/W4229000065","https://openalex.org/W4231493085","https://openalex.org/W4235571646","https://openalex.org/W4251348903","https://openalex.org/W4281620562","https://openalex.org/W4285387879","https://openalex.org/W4286663291","https://openalex.org/W4287691853","https://openalex.org/W4291964770","https://openalex.org/W4293104636","https://openalex.org/W4294011731","https://openalex.org/W4312804490","https://openalex.org/W4313513758","https://openalex.org/W4318148215","https://openalex.org/W4318185026","https://openalex.org/W4322620527","https://openalex.org/W4360765154","https://openalex.org/W4376253878","https://openalex.org/W4386098562","https://openalex.org/W4386966760","https://openalex.org/W4387451550","https://openalex.org/W4388995875","https://openalex.org/W4391311291","https://openalex.org/W4396666572","https://openalex.org/W4399205949","https://openalex.org/W6601609194","https://openalex.org/W6635958748","https://openalex.org/W6780382415","https://openalex.org/W6787898647","https://openalex.org/W6803061630","https://openalex.org/W6803138657","https://openalex.org/W6842052368","https://openalex.org/W6852623694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"information":[1,15],"operations":[2],"(IOs)":[3],"refer":[4],"to":[5,8,17,32,66,115,130,187],"organized":[6],"attempts":[7],"tamper":[9],"with":[10,88,149,152],"the":[11,34,42,81,99,117,136,144,147,165,171,178,189],"regular":[12],"flow":[13],"of":[14,38,44,101,120,126,146,170,180,191],"and":[16,36,86,92,113,139,168],"influence":[18],"public":[19],"opinion.":[20],"Coordinated":[21],"online":[22,192],"behavior":[23,46,85,182],"is":[24,50],"a":[25,57,123,132],"tactic":[26],"frequently":[27],"used":[28,70],"by":[29,159],"IO":[30],"perpetrators":[31,100],"boost":[33],"spread":[35],"outreach":[37],"their":[39],"messages.":[40],"However,":[41],"exploitation":[43],"coordinated":[45,84,181],"within":[47],"large-scale":[48],"IOs":[49,74,87,103,184],"still":[51],"largely":[52],"unexplored.":[53],"Here,":[54],"we":[55,109],"build":[56],"novel":[58],"dataset":[59],"comprising":[60],"around":[61],"624K":[62],"users":[63,127],"and4M":[64],"tweets":[65],"study":[67,116],"howonline":[68],"coordinationwas":[69],"in":[71,135,183],"two":[72],"recent":[73],"carried":[75],"out":[76],"on":[77],"Twitter.":[78],"We":[79],"investigate":[80],"interplay":[82],"between":[83],"state-of-the-art":[89],"network":[90],"science":[91],"coordination":[93],"detection":[94],"methods,":[95],"providing":[96],"evidence":[97],"that":[98,128,177],"both":[102],"were":[104],"indeed":[105],"strongly":[106],"coordinated.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"propose":[110],"quantitative":[111],"indicators":[112],"analyses":[114],"different":[118],"patterns":[119],"coordination,":[121],"uncovering":[122],"malicious":[124],"group":[125],"managed":[129],"hold":[131],"central":[133],"position":[134],"discussion":[137],"network,":[138,148],"others":[140],"who":[141],"remained":[142],"at":[143],"periphery":[145],"limited":[150],"interactions":[151],"genuine":[153],"users.":[154],"The":[155],"nuanced":[156],"results":[157,175],"enabled":[158],"our":[160,174],"analysis":[161,179],"provide":[162],"insights":[163],"into":[164],"strategies,":[166],"development,":[167],"effectiveness":[169],"IOs.":[172],"Overall,":[173],"demonstrate":[176],"can":[185],"contribute":[186],"safeguarding":[188],"integrity":[190],"platforms.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}