{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395069519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393409","title":"Integrated Thermal Management of Electric Vehicles Based on Model Predictive Control With Approximated Value Function","display_name":"Integrated Thermal Management of Electric Vehicles Based on Model Predictive Control With Approximated Value Function","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395069519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393409","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10507832.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10507832.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082418277","display_name":"Youyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-3966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-3966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012603443","display_name":"Kyoung Hyun Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-1913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyoung Hyun Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-1913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049234792","display_name":"Jaewoong Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaewoong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hyundai-Kia Motor Company, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hyundai-Kia Motor Company, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048441222","display_name":"Dohoy Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-9880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dewey Dohoy Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-9880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014768118","display_name":"Youngki Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0061-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngki Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0061-7433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan&#x2013;Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9527,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8505109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"58898","last_page":"58914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.8651435375213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6797786951065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5725125074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5365429520606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4990997314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-programming","display_name":"Quadratic programming","score":0.49097970128059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-horizon","display_name":"Time horizon","score":0.44890186190605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.444057822227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3560042381286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3537333905696869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3070695996284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25332942605018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20719465613365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09457170963287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.07200151681900024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.8651435375213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6797786951065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5725125074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5365429520606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4990997314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81845259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290117","display_name":"Quadratic programming","level":2,"score":0.49097970128059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28761237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805321","display_name":"Time horizon","level":2,"score":0.44890186190605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.444057822227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3560042381286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3537333905696869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3070695996284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25332942605018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20719465613365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09457170963287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.07200151681900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393409","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10507832.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62e921b0eafa42cb8f36b427a21e8ef1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62e921b0eafa42cb8f36b427a21e8ef1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 58898-58914 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3393409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3393409","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10507832.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310381","display_name":"Hyundai Motor Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05kxbz959"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332921","display_name":"University of Michigan-Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395069519.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395069519.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47669410","https://openalex.org/W1604794148","https://openalex.org/W2013439434","https://openalex.org/W2098432798","https://openalex.org/W2116064024","https://openalex.org/W2116773335","https://openalex.org/W2123871098","https://openalex.org/W2419062540","https://openalex.org/W2593465270","https://openalex.org/W2742913131","https://openalex.org/W2753267754","https://openalex.org/W2761105358","https://openalex.org/W2765316395","https://openalex.org/W2806819900","https://openalex.org/W2842089854","https://openalex.org/W2900537045","https://openalex.org/W2929813247","https://openalex.org/W2946983901","https://openalex.org/W2993882527","https://openalex.org/W3003995361","https://openalex.org/W3005287256","https://openalex.org/W3010681897","https://openalex.org/W3037478778","https://openalex.org/W3089207091","https://openalex.org/W3101521954","https://openalex.org/W3107437977","https://openalex.org/W3125555796","https://openalex.org/W3154423375","https://openalex.org/W3166710142","https://openalex.org/W3205651879","https://openalex.org/W3207217922","https://openalex.org/W3214454245","https://openalex.org/W4205696252","https://openalex.org/W4312231892","https://openalex.org/W4312657139","https://openalex.org/W4313534757","https://openalex.org/W4315881712","https://openalex.org/W4366979445","https://openalex.org/W4389613351","https://openalex.org/W4390531920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990079087","https://openalex.org/W3202234113","https://openalex.org/W2101188133","https://openalex.org/W4248731570","https://openalex.org/W2080896647","https://openalex.org/W2025587901","https://openalex.org/W2028217664","https://openalex.org/W2158000646","https://openalex.org/W2886734572","https://openalex.org/W1852236601"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"thermal":[1,14,69],"management":[2,70],"system":[3],"(TMS)":[4],"in":[5,65,194],"electric":[6],"vehicles":[7],"(EVs),":[8],"including":[9],"climate":[10],"control":[11,27,58],"and":[12,79,117,128],"battery":[13],"regulation,":[15],"consumes":[16],"more":[17],"energy":[18,192],"than":[19],"any":[20],"other":[21],"auxiliary":[22],"components.":[23],"Therefore,":[24],"optimizing":[25],"TMS":[26,63],"is":[28,72,82,93,109,121],"crucial":[29],"for":[30,49,61,111],"enhancing":[31],"EV":[32],"driving":[33],"range.":[34],"However,":[35],"the":[36,39,97,106,124,136,156,172,178,185,188,195],"complexity":[37],"of":[38,162,197],"TMS,":[40],"described":[41],"by":[42,159,177],"a":[43,129,160],"differential":[44],"algebraic":[45],"system,":[46],"poses":[47],"challenges":[48],"real-time":[50,112],"optimal":[51,68],"control.":[52],"This":[53],"study":[54],"proposes":[55],"model":[56],"predictive":[57],"(MPC)-based":[59],"solutions":[60],"integrated":[62],"operation":[64],"EVs.":[66],"An":[67],"problem":[71],"formulated":[73],"using":[74,114],"economic":[75,98],"nonlinear":[76],"MPC":[77,103],"(NMPC),":[78],"its":[80],"performance":[81],"evaluated.":[83],"To":[84],"reduce":[85],"computational":[86,157],"load,":[87],"an":[88,139],"approximated":[89,107,140,179],"value":[90],"function":[91],"(VF)":[92],"introduced":[94],"based":[95],"on":[96],"NMPC":[99,126,145,169],"results.":[100],"A":[101],"linear-time-varying":[102],"(LTV-MPC)":[104],"with":[105,123,138,168,184],"VF":[108,141],"proposed":[110,189],"implementation":[113],"quadratic":[115],"programming,":[116],"through":[118],"simulations":[119],"it":[120],"compared":[122,167,183],"baseline":[125],"controller":[127],"rule-based":[130],"(RB)":[131],"controller.":[132],"Results":[133],"reveal":[134],"that":[135],"LTV-MPC":[137,190],"performs":[142],"similarly":[143],"to":[144,171,199],"while":[146],"offering":[147],"slightly":[148],"compromised":[149],"cooling":[150],"performance.":[151],"It":[152],"also":[153],"significantly":[154],"reduces":[155],"time":[158],"factor":[161],"10":[163],"<sup":[164],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[165],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">4</sup>":[166],"owing":[170],"short":[173],"prediction":[174],"horizon":[175],"enabled":[176],"VF.":[180],"Furthermore,":[181],"when":[182],"RB":[186],"controller,":[187],"achieves":[191],"savings":[193],"range":[196],"22.3%":[198],"29.8%.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
