{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395017606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391808","title":"C2I-CAT: Class-to-Image Cross Attention Transformer for Out-of-Distribution Detection","display_name":"C2I-CAT: Class-to-Image Cross Attention Transformer for Out-of-Distribution Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395017606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391808","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10506497.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10506497.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071670581","display_name":"Jaeho Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2332-117X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeho Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2332-117X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010686768","display_name":"S. Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9733-2656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088601","display_name":"Boditech Med (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/009zm7e81","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088601"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seokho Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medintech, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9733-2656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medintech, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hyunjun Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-1285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunjun Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1413-1285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104285144","display_name":"DaeUng Jo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daeung Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040918025","display_name":"Y. Jay Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4099-6791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoonho Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4099-6791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088891890","display_name":"Jin Young Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-5815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Young Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-5815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2187,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45174413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"62793","last_page":"62803"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7339227199554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7187769412994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6503410339355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6306722164154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6061444878578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5811991095542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5528912544250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.49294257164001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35609978437423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3248383402824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08640351891517639}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7339227199554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7187769412994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6503410339355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6306722164154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6061444878578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5811991095542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5528912544250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.49294257164001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35609978437423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3248383402824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08640351891517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391808","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10506497.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:72dfce63368446d7b9163ee00a320200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/72dfce63368446d7b9163ee00a320200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 62793-62803 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2346268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2346268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391808","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10506497.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1292010191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B0101-15-0266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G261168191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B0101-15-0266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3098371196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5065061179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5130295011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B0101-15-0266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5635159257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","funder_display_name":"Seoul National University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8720959509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334093","funder_display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Technology Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334093","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Technology Office","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395017606.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395017606.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W967544008","https://openalex.org/W1831674524","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2047643928","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2161914416","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2732026016","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2797977484","https://openalex.org/W2902986194","https://openalex.org/W2963263347","https://openalex.org/W2963693742","https://openalex.org/W2964054038","https://openalex.org/W3113089224","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3137761212","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3159616808","https://openalex.org/W3171163219","https://openalex.org/W4221143264","https://openalex.org/W4223977507","https://openalex.org/W4287072220","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4312776478","https://openalex.org/W4312919733","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4388157208","https://openalex.org/W4393906060","https://openalex.org/W6625168331","https://openalex.org/W6638807622","https://openalex.org/W6677919164","https://openalex.org/W6683825394","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6703116779","https://openalex.org/W6726497184","https://openalex.org/W6728622933","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6745891213","https://openalex.org/W6752760542","https://openalex.org/W6757615711","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6784323503","https://openalex.org/W6787380718","https://openalex.org/W6789731502","https://openalex.org/W6796779676","https://openalex.org/W6797078281","https://openalex.org/W6797080668","https://openalex.org/W6798652368","https://openalex.org/W6810300553","https://openalex.org/W6810308849","https://openalex.org/W6838637662","https://openalex.org/W6862912354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4206178588","https://openalex.org/W4304700937","https://openalex.org/W3094491777","https://openalex.org/W3214715529","https://openalex.org/W4287635093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"our":[1,51,85],"work,":[2],"we":[3,26,59,90],"have":[4],"empirically":[5],"found":[6],"that":[7,31,64,92],"Vision":[8],"Transformer":[9],"(ViT)":[10],"could":[11],"not":[12],"extract":[13],"object-centric":[14,24],"features":[15],"when":[16],"applied":[17,67],"to":[18,50,68,73,115],"out-of-distribution":[19],"(OOD)":[20],"detection.":[21],"To":[22],"make":[23],"attention,":[25],"design":[27],"an":[28,44],"additional":[29],"module":[30],"employs":[32],"a":[33,61],"cross-attention":[34,52,86,95],"between":[35],"class-wise":[36,56],"token":[37,41,57],"proxy":[38],"and":[39,123],"feature":[40],"sequence":[42],"of":[43],"input":[45],"image.":[46],"For":[47],"inference":[48,77,100],"suitable":[49],"structure":[53,96],"with":[54,84,97],"multiple":[55],"proxies,":[58],"propose":[60],"score":[62,98],"ensemble":[63,99],"can":[65],"be":[66],"any":[69],"scoring":[70],"function.":[71],"Compared":[72],"ViT,":[74],"the":[75,93,116],"proposed":[76,94],"scheme":[78],"achieves":[79],"outperforming":[80],"performance":[81],"by":[82],"synergizing":[83],"structure.":[87],"Through":[88],"experiments,":[89],"demonstrate":[91],"improves":[101],"largely":[102],"near":[103,111],"OOD":[104,112],"detection":[105,113],"performance,":[106],"where":[107],"FPR95":[108],"improvement":[109],"in":[110],"compared":[114],"state-of-the-art":[117],"method":[118],"becomes":[119],"2.55%":[120],"for":[121,125],"CIFAR-10":[122],"2.67%":[124],"CIFAR-100,":[126],"keeping":[127],"competitive":[128],"classification":[129],"accuracy.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
