{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394966870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391418","title":"Multi-Class Adaptive Active Learning for Predicting Student Anxiety","display_name":"Multi-Class Adaptive Active Learning for Predicting Student Anxiety","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394966870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391418","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505253.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505253.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045221683","display_name":"Ahmad Almadhor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Almadhor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069383358","display_name":"Sidra Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0117-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidra Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0117-4390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022474498","display_name":"Gabriel Avelino Sampedro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-4409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97002122","display_name":"University of the Philippines Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k27aj44","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I97002122"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Avelino Sampedro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Baños, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-4409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Baños, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97002122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000028489","display_name":"Shtwai Alsubai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shtwai Alsubai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-7400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057434297","display_name":"Stephen Ojo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68812265","display_name":"Anderson University - South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/01gmrmd93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68812265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Ojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Anderson University, Anderson, SC, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Anderson, Anderson, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-621X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Anderson University, Anderson, SC, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Anderson, Anderson, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68812265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071045096","display_name":"Abdullah Al Hejaili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-4723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Al Hejaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026565226","display_name":"\u013dubom\u00edra Str\u00e1\u017eovsk\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-1193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74788687","display_name":"Comenius University Bratislava","ror":"https://ror.org/0587ef340","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74788687"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lubomira Strazovska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74788687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.689,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93550832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"58097","last_page":"58105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9441999793052673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9441999793052673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9308000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9203000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.8538073301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7823972702026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.7039385437965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7017999291419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6920640468597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.6543399095535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.5771293044090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.5050092339515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.43355587124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-machine-learning","display_name":"Online machine learning","score":0.431215763092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4104013442993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.37310218811035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12558642029762268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.8538073301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7823972702026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.7039385437965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7017999291419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6920640468597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6543399095535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5771293044090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5050092339515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43355587124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094097","display_name":"Online machine learning","level":3,"score":0.431215763092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4104013442993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.37310218811035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12558642029762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391418","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505253.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:86f429e704364ed3ba50795dec20350c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/86f429e704364ed3ba50795dec20350c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 58097-58105 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391418","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505253.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394966870.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394966870.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981264918","https://openalex.org/W2039821379","https://openalex.org/W2066246414","https://openalex.org/W2126493218","https://openalex.org/W2153349997","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2403749440","https://openalex.org/W2793519426","https://openalex.org/W2913772420","https://openalex.org/W2975003464","https://openalex.org/W2990520297","https://openalex.org/W2994815493","https://openalex.org/W3102927640","https://openalex.org/W3135996603","https://openalex.org/W3153225935","https://openalex.org/W3174389852","https://openalex.org/W3202085196","https://openalex.org/W4205749015","https://openalex.org/W4206372932","https://openalex.org/W4250946335","https://openalex.org/W4282944802","https://openalex.org/W4315650824","https://openalex.org/W4317581943","https://openalex.org/W4322755848","https://openalex.org/W4382940848","https://openalex.org/W4386362981","https://openalex.org/W6678881507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396689146","https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W4367336074","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W3154045278","https://openalex.org/W4379620016","https://openalex.org/W4393666307","https://openalex.org/W3210764983","https://openalex.org/W4393443811","https://openalex.org/W4367335949"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,14,30,72,94],"research":[1,15,171],"delves":[2],"into":[3,162],"applying":[4],"active":[5,33,57,119,181],"and":[6,25,82,112,127,180,186],"machine":[7,41,65,84,98,177],"learning":[8,34,42,58,66,85,99,178,182],"techniques":[9,179],"to":[10,23,36,87,184],"predict":[11,26,185],"student":[12,27,69,80,92,188],"anxiety.":[13,93,189],"explores":[16],"how":[17],"these":[18],"technologies":[19],"can":[20],"be":[21],"explored":[22],"understand":[24],"anxiety":[28,46,70],"levels.":[29],"study":[31,73,95],"utilizes":[32],"strategies":[35],"increase":[37],"the":[38,54,62,138,143,148,163,173],"effectiveness":[39],"of":[40,56,64,125,135,155,175],"models":[43,67,90],"in":[44,60],"predicting":[45],"levels":[47],"among":[48],"students.":[49],"Additionally,":[50],"this":[51,170],"adaptation":[52],"emphasizes":[53],"usefulness":[55],"methodologies":[59,183],"enhancing":[61],"precision":[63],"for":[68,91,142],"prediction.":[71],"uses":[74,96],"two":[75],"datasets":[76],"containing":[77],"information":[78],"on":[79,137],"behavior":[81],"leverages":[83],"methods":[86],"construct":[88],"predictive":[89],"various":[97],"models:":[100],"K-Nearest":[101],"Neighbors":[102],"(KNN),":[103],"Logistic":[104],"Regression":[105],"(LR),":[106],"XGBoost":[107],"(XGB),":[108],"Naive":[109],"Bayes":[110],"(NB),":[111],"Random":[113],"Forest":[114],"(RF).":[115],"Experiments":[116],"revealed":[117],"that":[118],"learning-based":[120],"LR":[121],"yielded":[122],"a":[123],"score":[124],"0.61,":[126],"RF":[128,146],"performed":[129],"well":[130],"with":[131],"an":[132,153],"average":[133],"accuracy":[134,154],"0.60":[136],"first":[139],"dataset.":[140],"Similarly,":[141],"second":[144],"dataset,":[145],"is":[147],"most":[149],"effective":[150],"model,":[151],"achieving":[152],"0.83.":[156],"These":[157],"results":[158],"provide":[159],"valuable":[160],"insights":[161],"models\u2019":[164],"performance":[165],"across":[166],"key":[167],"metrics.":[168],"Further,":[169],"highlights":[172],"potential":[174],"employing":[176],"manage":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}