{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394966996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391386","title":"SQMCR: Stackelberg Q-Learning-Based Multi-Hop Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"SQMCR: Stackelberg Q-Learning-Based Multi-Hop Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394966996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505169.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008891056","display_name":"Bin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-8527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang Bin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-8527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071895699","display_name":"Kerong Ben","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-1947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Kerong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-1947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040872496","display_name":"Yixue Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7296-2522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yixue","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7296-2522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018569173","display_name":"Mingjiu Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-8397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuo Mingjiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-8397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008891056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.0978,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93807321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"56179","last_page":"56195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7383327484130859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6110744476318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5886611938476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5799071788787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5521329641342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hop","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","score":0.48665982484817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.46090400218963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3379232883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.21592837572097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14863067865371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06287527084350586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7383327484130859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6110744476318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5886611938476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5799071788787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5521329641342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25906391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432381","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.48665982484817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.46090400218963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3379232883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.21592837572097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14863067865371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06287527084350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:458943f33d5b45bf805a02eff39812b4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/458943f33d5b45bf805a02eff39812b4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 56179-56195 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3391386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3391386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10505169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8647461787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52071153","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394966996.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394966996.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58949250","https://openalex.org/W1554648094","https://openalex.org/W2004971739","https://openalex.org/W2005462979","https://openalex.org/W2130509337","https://openalex.org/W2140237260","https://openalex.org/W2159751488","https://openalex.org/W2170984917","https://openalex.org/W2761465998","https://openalex.org/W2797305499","https://openalex.org/W2910466297","https://openalex.org/W2965700949","https://openalex.org/W2971438806","https://openalex.org/W2979430851","https://openalex.org/W2979777927","https://openalex.org/W3002159761","https://openalex.org/W3011767857","https://openalex.org/W3022319642","https://openalex.org/W3024115737","https://openalex.org/W3041207562","https://openalex.org/W3092618563","https://openalex.org/W3111481858","https://openalex.org/W3112635774","https://openalex.org/W3118915570","https://openalex.org/W3119915333","https://openalex.org/W3128965135","https://openalex.org/W3159310960","https://openalex.org/W3160014047","https://openalex.org/W3194140050","https://openalex.org/W3202198239","https://openalex.org/W3212388706","https://openalex.org/W3213555525","https://openalex.org/W4205298615","https://openalex.org/W4220673550","https://openalex.org/W4287219730","https://openalex.org/W4313546749","https://openalex.org/W4313855823","https://openalex.org/W4315491715","https://openalex.org/W4380906058","https://openalex.org/W4387143971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987562536","https://openalex.org/W4383533535","https://openalex.org/W2375814310","https://openalex.org/W4255938919","https://openalex.org/W2903244929","https://openalex.org/W4380353856","https://openalex.org/W2347216446","https://openalex.org/W1995212308","https://openalex.org/W2364137969","https://openalex.org/W1985348076"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85],"underwater":[1,12,152,207],"wireless":[2],"sensor":[3],"network":[4,36,107,190],"(UWSNs)":[5],"is":[6,203],"an":[7],"important":[8],"communication":[9,142],"facility":[10],"supporting":[11],"monitoring":[13],"applications.":[14,209],"However,":[15],"the":[16,20,35,39,49,64,72,76,88,93,100,102,106,111,117,122,127,133,137,140,147,168,177,183,189],"transmission":[17,89],"channel":[18],"has":[19,38,195],"characteristics":[21,40],"of":[22,41,115,151,170],"high":[23,42],"bit":[24],"error":[25],"rate,":[26],"strong":[27],"multipath":[28],"effect,":[29],"and":[30,34,48,66,105,113,126,149,159,187,199,202],"many":[31],"interference":[32],"factors,":[33],"node":[37,50],"energy":[43,46,128],"consumption,":[44],"difficult":[45,59],"supply,":[47],"position":[51],"vulnerable":[52],"to":[53,62,144,165],"change,":[54],"which":[55,109],"makes":[56],"it":[57],"extremely":[58],"for":[60,206],"UWSNs":[61,181],"realize":[63],"reliable":[65],"efficient":[67],"packet":[68,123,184],"forwarding.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"problem,":[73],"we":[74],"propose":[75],"Stackelberg":[77,134],"Q-learning":[78,94,135],"based":[79,91,131],"multi-hop":[80],"cooperative":[81,141],"routing":[82,171],"algorithm":[83],"(SQMCR).":[84],"SQMCR":[86,138,178],"builds":[87],"routes":[90],"on":[92,132],"algorithm,":[95,136],"considering":[96],"factors":[97],"such":[98],"as":[99],"delay,":[101],"remaining":[103],"energy,":[104],"topology,":[108],"improves":[110],"rationality":[112],"adaptability":[114,201],"selecting":[116],"next-hop":[118],"node.":[119],"By":[120],"balancing":[121],"forwarding":[124,185],"benefits":[125],"consumption":[129],"costs":[130],"establishes":[139],"policy":[143],"ensure":[145],"both":[146],"reliability":[148,186],"efficiency":[150],"communications.":[153],"It":[154,194],"also":[155],"adopts":[156],"initializing":[157],"Q-values":[158],"dynamic":[160],"exploration":[161],"probabilities":[162],"optimization":[163],"methods":[164],"further":[166],"improve":[167],"performance":[169],"algorithms.":[172],"Experimental":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"that":[176],"can":[179],"help":[180],"increase":[182],"prolong":[188],"lifetime":[191],"by":[192],"17%.":[193],"a":[196],"better":[197],"environment":[198],"application":[200],"more":[204],"suitable":[205],"high-reliability":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
