{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394804942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389459","title":"Role and Evolution of Non-Terrestrial Networks Toward 6G Systems","display_name":"Role and Evolution of Non-Terrestrial Networks Toward 6G Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394804942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3389459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389459","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500741.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500741.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048825104","display_name":"Alessandro Guidotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-0010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Guidotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT), Parma, Italy","Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-0010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003927271","display_name":"Alessandro Vanelli\u2010Coralli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-5718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-5718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004484901","display_name":"Mohamed El Jaafari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140930","display_name":"Thales (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04emwm605","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009052","display_name":"Thales Alenia Space (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gz77z03","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802798279","https://openalex.org/I4210140930","https://openalex.org/I4400009052"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed El Jaafari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Alenia Space France, Toulouse, France","Thales Alenia Space France, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space France, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930","https://openalex.org/I4400009052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space France, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057930649","display_name":"Nicolas Chuberre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140930","display_name":"Thales (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04emwm605","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009052","display_name":"Thales Alenia Space (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gz77z03","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802798279","https://openalex.org/I4210140930","https://openalex.org/I4400009052"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Chuberre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Alenia Space France, Toulouse, France","Thales Alenia Space France, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space France, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930","https://openalex.org/I4400009052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space France, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045735580","display_name":"Jani Puttonen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110178","display_name":"Magister Solutions (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mdh2992","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110178"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jani Puttonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magister Solutions, Jyv&#x00E4;skyl&#x00E4;, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magister Solutions, Jyv&#x00E4;skyl&#x00E4;, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033467874","display_name":"Vincenzo Schena","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801562428","display_name":"Alenia Aermacchi","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh5r64","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801562428","https://openalex.org/I2802798279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102386","display_name":"Thales (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rwwx648","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102386","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103616","display_name":"Space (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/01c79fd45","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103616"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Schena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Alenia Space Italia S.p.A., Rome, Italy","Thales Alenia Space Italia, Via Saccomuro, 24, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space Italia S.p.A., Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801562428","https://openalex.org/I4210102386","https://openalex.org/I4210103616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space Italia, Via Saccomuro, 24, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801562428","https://openalex.org/I4210102386","https://openalex.org/I4210103616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095691285","display_name":"Giuseppe Rinelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801562428","display_name":"Alenia Aermacchi","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh5r64","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801562428","https://openalex.org/I2802798279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102386","display_name":"Thales (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rwwx648","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102386","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103616","display_name":"Space (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/01c79fd45","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103616"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Rinelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Alenia Space Italia S.p.A., Rome, Italy","Thales Alenia Space Italia, Via Saccomuro, 24, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space Italia S.p.A., Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801562428","https://openalex.org/I4210102386","https://openalex.org/I4210103616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Alenia Space Italia, Via Saccomuro, 24, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801562428","https://openalex.org/I4210102386","https://openalex.org/I4210103616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083439387","display_name":"Stefano Cioni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-8015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44377176","display_name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03h3jqn23","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Cioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESTEC/TEC-EST, European Space Agency (esa.int), Noordwijk, The Netherlands","European Space Agency - esa.int, ESTEC/TEC-EST, Noordwijk, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-8015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESTEC/TEC-EST, European Space Agency (esa.int), Noordwijk, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Space Agency - esa.int, ESTEC/TEC-EST, Noordwijk, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":51.783,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99867501,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"55945","last_page":"55963"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5765385031700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3346565365791321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5765385031700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3346565365791321}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3389459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389459","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500741.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/967693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/967693","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/967693/3/Role_and_Evolution_of_Non-Terrestrial_Networks_towards_6G_systems-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:574688267653481897a1fc2684ed22d8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/574688267653481897a1fc2684ed22d8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 55945-55963 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3389459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389459","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500741.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323553","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394804942.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394804942.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807554399","https://openalex.org/W2892656107","https://openalex.org/W2894366476","https://openalex.org/W2969077220","https://openalex.org/W2993508366","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3094296265","https://openalex.org/W3103408716","https://openalex.org/W3122989495","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3137434241","https://openalex.org/W3186005148","https://openalex.org/W3189778133","https://openalex.org/W3189999436","https://openalex.org/W3194225147","https://openalex.org/W3211928809","https://openalex.org/W3214727290","https://openalex.org/W4206578783","https://openalex.org/W4291366958","https://openalex.org/W4292295434","https://openalex.org/W4306147985","https://openalex.org/W4309158981","https://openalex.org/W4311948626","https://openalex.org/W4322207963","https://openalex.org/W4323276416","https://openalex.org/W4390830648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"the":[1,11,18,28,47,69,73,81,115,119,135,164,167,179,188],"worldwide":[2],"economy":[3],"and":[4,31,52,83,108,121,147,157,159,172],"society":[5],"are":[6,76,99],"already":[7,77],"taking":[8],"advantage":[9],"of":[10,14,46,54,118,153,166],"first":[12],"deployments":[13],"5G":[15,48,140,168],"networks.":[16],"However,":[17],"challenges":[19],"that":[20],"will":[21],"be":[22,68],"posed":[23],"by":[24,80,91],"2030":[25],"networks":[26],"on":[27,114],"infrastructure,":[29],"technologies,":[30],"performance":[32,190],"requirements":[33],"call":[34],"for":[35,139],"a":[36,103,125],"further":[37],"leap":[38],"in":[39,50,72,106,124,151],"mobile":[40,74,111],"communications.":[41],"To":[42],"this":[43,87,130],"aim,":[44],"evolutions":[45],"concepts":[49],"5G-Advanced,":[51],"rethinking":[53],"future":[55],"Radio":[56],"Access":[57],"Technologies,":[58],"<italic":[59],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[60],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i.e</i>":[61],".,":[62],"6G":[63,148,173,182],"which":[64],"is":[65],"expected":[66,100],"to":[67,101,181,187],"next":[70],"revolution":[71],"ecosystem,":[75],"being":[78],"addressed":[79],"scientific":[82],"industrial":[84],"communities.":[85],"In":[86,129],"framework,":[88],"as":[89],"demonstrated":[90],"3GPP":[92,136],"Rel.":[93],"17":[94],"specifications,":[95],"Non-Terrestrial":[96],"Networks":[97],"(NTN)":[98],"play":[102],"vital":[104],"role":[105],"near":[107],"long":[109],"term":[110],"communications,":[112],"based":[113],"joint":[116],"optimisation":[117],"terrestrial":[120],"non-terrestrial":[122],"components":[123],"unified":[126],"3D":[127],"architecture.":[128],"paper,":[131],"we":[132,162,177],"extensively":[133],"discuss":[134,178],"normative":[137],"activities":[138],"(Rel.":[141,144,149],"17),":[142],"5G-Advanced":[143,171],"18":[145],"onward),":[146],"20+)":[150],"terms":[152],"enabling":[154],"features,":[155],"architectures":[156],"interfaces,":[158],"protocols.":[160],"Then,":[161],"explore":[163],"evolution":[165,180],"services":[169],"towards":[170],"NTN":[174],"applications.":[175],"Finally,":[176],"network":[183],"infrastructures":[184],"with":[185],"respect":[186],"main":[189],"requirements.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2024-04-16T00:00:00"}