{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394805015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389074","title":"Passive, Fractional, Battery Equivalent-Circuit Model in Time and Frequency Domains Part 1: Linear Model","display_name":"Passive, Fractional, Battery Equivalent-Circuit Model in Time and Frequency Domains Part 1: Linear Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394805015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3389074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389074","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500371.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500371.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037950021","display_name":"Vance Farrow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9639-8011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vance Farrow","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9639-8011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055888119","display_name":"Jonathan Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-5176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-5176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090758218","display_name":"Michael J. Cree","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2973-2710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Cree","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2973-2710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089581311","display_name":"Marcus T. Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6214-7727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6214-7727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0389,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74115187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"64589","last_page":"64598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10962","display_name":"Thermodynamic properties of mixtures","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6202625036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6115312576293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.6089949607849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.5965630412101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise","display_name":"Piecewise","score":0.5195865631103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalent-circuit","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","score":0.47260433435440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.45218580961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.43774980306625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractional-calculus","display_name":"Fractional calculus","score":0.4311591386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3837524652481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3551476001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.3502432107925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.24735286831855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.24218600988388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2384738028049469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16783711314201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09316244721412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08681333065032959}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6202625036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6115312576293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.6089949607849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.5965630412101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.5195865631103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23572009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964981","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","level":3,"score":0.47260433435440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.45218580961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.43774980306625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154249771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339058","display_name":"Fractional calculus","level":2,"score":0.4311591386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3837524652481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3551476001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3502432107925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24735286831855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.24218600988388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2384738028049469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16783711314201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09316244721412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08681333065032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3389074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389074","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500371.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz:10289/16840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10289/16840","pdf_url":"https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstreams/bfd50d50-2a29-445a-8def-c640f2540112/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400944","display_name":"Research Commons (University of Waikato)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","host_organization_name":"University of Waikato","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff3f3920dc0d4f9c88fcda5c62691e7c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff3f3920dc0d4f9c88fcda5c62691e7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 64589-64598 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3389074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389074","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10500371.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394805015.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394805015.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150714319","https://openalex.org/W208702168","https://openalex.org/W1921373351","https://openalex.org/W1991243397","https://openalex.org/W1998703618","https://openalex.org/W2006205876","https://openalex.org/W2038002124","https://openalex.org/W2038840346","https://openalex.org/W2043685337","https://openalex.org/W2057346462","https://openalex.org/W2065187211","https://openalex.org/W2164072937","https://openalex.org/W2216778598","https://openalex.org/W2259227674","https://openalex.org/W2276965190","https://openalex.org/W2294239831","https://openalex.org/W2508914177","https://openalex.org/W2539308310","https://openalex.org/W2563343938","https://openalex.org/W2588955164","https://openalex.org/W2704379189","https://openalex.org/W2738978260","https://openalex.org/W2772155817","https://openalex.org/W2773619359","https://openalex.org/W2774254672","https://openalex.org/W2786791342","https://openalex.org/W2789759596","https://openalex.org/W2790327493","https://openalex.org/W2792579547","https://openalex.org/W2891193389","https://openalex.org/W2899238492","https://openalex.org/W2900036448","https://openalex.org/W2901900441","https://openalex.org/W2906534587","https://openalex.org/W2921031150","https://openalex.org/W2948605577","https://openalex.org/W2953972448","https://openalex.org/W2964824262","https://openalex.org/W2988926042","https://openalex.org/W3005929083","https://openalex.org/W3008891024","https://openalex.org/W3019217831","https://openalex.org/W3094621542","https://openalex.org/W3097148951","https://openalex.org/W3129552424","https://openalex.org/W3186788102","https://openalex.org/W4214568448","https://openalex.org/W4220789653","https://openalex.org/W4285232523","https://openalex.org/W4361790857","https://openalex.org/W4383163728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082446734","https://openalex.org/W4313560640","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2385263368","https://openalex.org/W4246784705","https://openalex.org/W3121927021","https://openalex.org/W2253351617","https://openalex.org/W2347422947","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W2061292372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"time-domain":[1,181],"fractional":[2,21,27,50,115],"model":[3,41,81,134],"simulations":[4],"of":[5,42,74,87,101,114,121,157,166,171],"batteries":[6],"are":[7],"either":[8],"limited":[9],"to":[10,29,53,59,71,95,118,176,179],"short":[11],"time":[12,89],"sequences,":[13],"frequently":[14],"less":[15],"than":[16],"100":[17],"s,":[18],"if":[19],"truly":[20,38],"or":[22],"use":[23,170],"low":[24,147],"order":[25,51],"RC-ladder":[26],"approximations":[28],"reduce":[30],"computational":[31],"burden.":[32],"Here":[33],"we":[34],"present":[35],"an":[36],"entirely-passive,":[37],"fractional,":[39],"equivalent-circuit":[40],"a":[43,48,84,108,142,154,164],"battery.":[44],"We":[45,78],"rely":[46],"on":[47],"Reimann-Louiville":[49],"differintegral":[52],"account":[54],"for":[55,67],"long":[56],"time-scales":[57],"out":[58],"12":[60],"days.":[61],"An":[62],"analytical":[63],"solution":[64],"is":[65,105,125,150,174],"provided":[66],"the":[68,72,102,127,130,133,140,180],"differintegral,":[69],"subject":[70],"constraint":[73],"piecewise":[75],"constant":[76],"current.":[77],"validate":[79],"our":[80],"fitting":[82],"against":[83],"multi-day":[85],"sequence":[86],"measured":[88,94,160],"domain":[90],"data":[91],"and":[92],"EIS":[93],"10":[96],"\u03bcHz.":[97],"The":[98,111,169],"spectral":[99],"content":[100],"current":[103],"waveform":[104],"identified":[106],"as":[107,146,148],"crucial":[109],"factor.":[110],"full":[112],"evaluation":[113],"elements":[116],"leads":[117],"residual":[119],"error":[120,144],"voltage":[122],"waveforms":[123],"that":[124],"amongst":[126],"best":[128],"in":[129],"literature":[131],"despite":[132],"having":[135],"only":[136],"five":[137],"parameters.":[138],"In":[139],"time-domain,":[141],"root-mean-square":[143],"(RMSE)":[145],"2.8mV":[149],"achieved":[151],"while":[152],"maintaining":[153],"frequency-domain":[155],"RMSE":[156],"14%":[158],"from":[159],"impedance":[161],"values":[162],"over":[163],"span":[165],"6":[167],"decades.":[168],"time-weighted":[172],"regression":[173],"shown":[175],"be":[177],"important":[178],"fit.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}