{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394698520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386977","title":"A Bootstrapping-Capable Configurable NTT Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"A Bootstrapping-Capable Configurable NTT Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394698520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3386977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386977","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10496101.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10496101.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017341036","display_name":"Rella Mareta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rella Mareta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072652326","display_name":"Ardianto Satriawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-0995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ardianto Satriawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039055183","display_name":"Phap Duong-Ngoc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0311-9387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phap Ngoc Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069498930","display_name":"Hanho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-1927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017341036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.1815,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97423278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"52911","last_page":"52921"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8548121452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.722861647605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6751254796981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5692501068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.5344640016555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.39578351378440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23432743549346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15192005038261414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8548121452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.722861647605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6751254796981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5692501068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.5344640016555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.39578351378440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23432743549346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15192005038261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3386977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386977","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10496101.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49722dc4c40c4c1f92ad79253f511ce6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49722dc4c40c4c1f92ad79253f511ce6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 52911-52921 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3386977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386977","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10496101.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739134435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3071639259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3101108053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3993613658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4812789830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5865046914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2C1011232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5966894348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394698520.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394698520.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W112979213","https://openalex.org/W150223756","https://openalex.org/W1970823784","https://openalex.org/W1973332180","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2069441027","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2415881634","https://openalex.org/W2534885692","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2792565434","https://openalex.org/W2800424116","https://openalex.org/W2886223758","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W2969350772","https://openalex.org/W3005730048","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3016085798","https://openalex.org/W3135898413","https://openalex.org/W3158898837","https://openalex.org/W3213547738","https://openalex.org/W4210722209","https://openalex.org/W4225377307","https://openalex.org/W4226334377","https://openalex.org/W4231896027","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4285264388","https://openalex.org/W4306963829","https://openalex.org/W4310273784","https://openalex.org/W4312387659","https://openalex.org/W4312895016","https://openalex.org/W4313184921","https://openalex.org/W4318273611","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4382119118","https://openalex.org/W4382311045","https://openalex.org/W4383899661","https://openalex.org/W4384159582","https://openalex.org/W4385414976","https://openalex.org/W4386328210","https://openalex.org/W4386952452","https://openalex.org/W4387053951","https://openalex.org/W4400681761","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6753995509","https://openalex.org/W6847067301","https://openalex.org/W6857757193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W3117246195","https://openalex.org/W156620619","https://openalex.org/W2098233217","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2949607150","https://openalex.org/W2950312267","https://openalex.org/W3123945077","https://openalex.org/W2398715209","https://openalex.org/W2155069045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"homomorphic":[1],"encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"provides":[4],"a":[5,55,133,145],"solution":[6],"to":[7,14,31,44,74,190],"privacy-preserving":[8],"applications":[9],"because":[10,120],"of":[11,49,87,136,150],"its":[12],"ability":[13],"perform":[15,105],"computations":[16,34],"on":[17,201],"encrypted":[18],"data":[19],"without":[20],"exposing":[21],"raw":[22],"data.":[23],"However,":[24,111],"FHE":[25,43,117],"suffers":[26],"from":[27],"implementation":[28,149],"bottlenecks":[29],"owing":[30],"the":[32,77,98,126,151,202],"large":[33,57],"involved,":[35],"particularly":[36,125],"with":[37,154],"bootstrapping.":[38],"Bootstrapping":[39],"is":[40,118],"necessary":[41],"in":[42,85,108,219],"enable":[45],"an":[46,113],"unlimited":[47],"number":[48,99],"multiplication.":[50],"Nonetheless,":[51],"implementing":[52,97],"bootstrapping":[53],"requires":[54,122],"significantly":[56],"polynomial":[58,80,106,128],"length,":[59],"<italic":[60],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[61,66,71,160,165,173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>":[62],"=":[63],"2":[64,69,158,163],"<sup":[65,70,159,164,172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">16</sup>":[67,161],"or":[68],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">17</sup>":[72,166],",":[73],"considerably":[75],"secure":[76],"system.":[78],"Thus,":[79],"multiplication":[81,107,184],"will":[82,131],"be":[83,94],"challenging":[84,119],"terms":[86],"resources":[88,138],"and":[89,139,162,170,180,193,207,212],"time.":[90],"This":[91,142],"problem":[92],"can":[93,104],"resolved":[95],"by":[96,167],"theoretic":[100],"transform":[101],"(NTT)":[102],"that":[103,130,215],"quasi-linear":[109],"complexity.":[110],"designing":[112],"NTT":[114,152],"architecture":[115,153],"for":[116,147],"it":[121],"various":[123],"parameters,":[124],"high":[127],"degree":[129],"require":[132],"considerable":[134],"amount":[135],"hardware":[137,210],"clock":[140],"latency.":[141],"study":[143],"proposes":[144],"design":[146,198],"FPGA":[148,203],"flexible":[155],"input":[156],"lengths:":[157],"combining":[168],"radix-2":[169,171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">4</sup>":[174],".":[175],"Twiddle":[176],"factor":[177],"generator":[178],"(TFG)":[179],"efficient":[181],"configurable":[182],"modular":[183],"(MM)":[185],"unit":[186],"are":[187],"also":[188],"utilized":[189],"achieve":[191],"time":[192],"area-efficient":[194],"architecture.":[195],"The":[196],"proposed":[197],"was":[199],"synthesized":[200],"Xilinx":[204],"ALVEO":[205],"U250":[206],"demonstrated":[208],"higher":[209],"efficiency":[211],"optimum":[213],"latency":[214],"outperforms":[216],"those":[217],"reported":[218],"previous":[220],"studies.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-16T09:10:04.655348","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}