{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393972908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3385664","title":"Evaluation of Road User Radio-Frequency Exposure Levels in an Urban Environment From Vehicular Antennas and the Infrastructure in ITS-G5 5.9 GHz Communication","display_name":"Evaluation of Road User Radio-Frequency Exposure Levels in an Urban Environment From Vehicular Antennas and the Infrastructure in ITS-G5 5.9 GHz Communication","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393972908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3385664"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3385664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3385664","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10493017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10493017.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038198083","display_name":"Martina Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0071-8229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martina Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0071-8229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038115949","display_name":"Silvia Gallucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0481-1554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Gallucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0481-1554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053723257","display_name":"Marta Bonato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-297X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marta Bonato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059866584","display_name":"Marta Parazzini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9008-7530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marta Parazzini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9008-7530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055450049","display_name":"Gabriella Tognola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-449X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriella Tognola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-449X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insititute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038198083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3778,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80381298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"51419","last_page":"51430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5666502118110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5180764198303223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.45029494166374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-antenna","display_name":"Directional antenna","score":0.41765695810317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3345176875591278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.2196580469608307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5666502118110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5180764198303223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.45029494166374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.41765695810317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3345176875591278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.2196580469608307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3385664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3385664","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10493017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8396f9c54ed047cca40900f513d36cc3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8396f9c54ed047cca40900f513d36cc3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 51419-51430 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3385664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3385664","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10493017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393972908.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393972908.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964035385","https://openalex.org/W2022981781","https://openalex.org/W2052015675","https://openalex.org/W2056756816","https://openalex.org/W2058871194","https://openalex.org/W2100432849","https://openalex.org/W2108031310","https://openalex.org/W2126300379","https://openalex.org/W2126636284","https://openalex.org/W2437823381","https://openalex.org/W2543678403","https://openalex.org/W2607681021","https://openalex.org/W2908584258","https://openalex.org/W2936478799","https://openalex.org/W3001523552","https://openalex.org/W3043376687","https://openalex.org/W3086463525","https://openalex.org/W3091753387","https://openalex.org/W3207354266","https://openalex.org/W4205556338","https://openalex.org/W4255899634","https://openalex.org/W4294253394","https://openalex.org/W4296046992","https://openalex.org/W4378714552","https://openalex.org/W4385423523","https://openalex.org/W4386320383","https://openalex.org/W6631509574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,53],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,57,92,112,126,136,142,145,150,154,158,170,176,181,184,188,191,203,207,219],"variability":[6],"of":[7,38,82,94,103,144,178,183,193,212],"exposure":[8,32,60,76,114,151,217],"levels":[9,33],"among":[10],"road":[11,185],"users":[12],"generated":[13,62],"in":[14,36,45,74,111,125,218],"a":[15,130],"realistic":[16],"urban":[17,75],"scenario":[18],"by":[19,63,174,206],"Vehicle-to-Vehicle":[20],"(V2V)":[21],"and":[22,65,69,122,190,209],"Vehicle-to-Infrastructure":[23],"(V2I)":[24],"communication":[25],"technologies":[26],"operating":[27],"at":[28],"5.9":[29],"GHz.":[30],"The":[31,100],"were":[34,199],"evaluated":[35],"terms":[37],"whole-body":[39],"Specific":[40],"Absorption":[41],"Rate":[42],"(wbSAR)":[43],"[W/kg]":[44],"three":[46],"different":[47],"human":[48,146,160,194,216],"models,":[49],"ranging":[50],"from":[51,135,187],"children":[52],"adults.":[54,168],"We":[55,139],"calculated":[56],"electromagnetic":[58],"field":[59],"level":[61],"V2V":[64],"V2I":[66],"using":[67],"raytracing":[68],"we":[70],"assessed":[71],"wbSAR":[72,171],"resulting":[73],"scenarios":[77],"with":[78],"an":[79],"increasing":[80],"number":[81,177],"transmitting":[83,120,137,179],"antennas.":[84],"Whole-body":[85],"SAR":[86],"was":[87,109,123,162],"generally":[88,163],"very":[89,200],"low,":[90],"on":[91],"order":[93],"10":[95,133],"<sup":[96,105],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[97,106],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-4</sup>":[98,107],"W/kg.":[99],"maximum":[101],"wbSAR,":[102],"4.9\u00b710":[104],"W/kg,":[108],"obtained":[110],"worst-case":[113],"condition":[115],"comprising":[116],"more":[117],"than":[118,167],"one":[119],"vehicle":[121],"found":[124,140,173],"adult":[127],"model":[128,147,195],"for":[129,215],"distance":[131,182],"within":[132],"m":[134],"cars.":[138],"that":[141],"height":[143],"highly":[148],"impacted":[149],"level.":[152],"Namely,":[153],"child":[155],"(which":[156],"is":[157],"shortest":[159],"model)":[161],"much":[164],"less":[165],"exposed":[166],"All":[169],"values":[172],"varying":[175],"antennas,":[180,189],"user":[186],"type":[192],"(adult":[196],"vs.":[197],"child)":[198],"well":[201],"below":[202],"limits":[204],"set":[205],"ICNIRP":[208],"IEEE":[210],"guidelines":[211],"0.08":[213],"W/kg":[214],"100":[220],"kHz":[221],"\u2013":[222],"300":[223],"GHz":[224],"range.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
