{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393170647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3381619","title":"An Optimized LSTM-Based Augmented Language Model (FLSTM-ALM) Using Fox Algorithm for Automatic Essay Scoring Prediction","display_name":"An Optimized LSTM-Based Augmented Language Model (FLSTM-ALM) Using Fox Algorithm for Automatic Essay Scoring Prediction","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393170647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3381619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3381619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3381619","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10478918.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10478918.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077713046","display_name":"Ridha Hussein Chassab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131779051","display_name":"Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wfhkb67","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["IQ","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ridha Hussein Chassab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","Iraqi Defense University for Military Studies, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iraqi Defense University for Military Studies, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032814965","display_name":"Lailatul Qadri Zakaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2098-5957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lailatul Qadri Zakaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2098-5957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026382657","display_name":"Sabrina Tiun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1134-973X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabrina Tiun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1134-973X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6671,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85458868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"48713","last_page":"48724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7438169121742249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4979591369628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48172858357429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4545910954475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3680962324142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36132383346557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34882405400276184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7438169121742249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4979591369628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48172858357429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4545910954475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3680962324142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36132383346557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34882405400276184}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3381619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3381619","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10478918.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc07826356424327a01432bc8c857f94","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc07826356424327a01432bc8c857f94","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 48713-48724 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3381619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3381619","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10478918.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393170647.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393170647.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2587657135","https://openalex.org/W2792130155","https://openalex.org/W2965031841","https://openalex.org/W2991251864","https://openalex.org/W3011091101","https://openalex.org/W3011841493","https://openalex.org/W3033678006","https://openalex.org/W3037207300","https://openalex.org/W3040810202","https://openalex.org/W3043929130","https://openalex.org/W3090794351","https://openalex.org/W3095483082","https://openalex.org/W3104059871","https://openalex.org/W3127126761","https://openalex.org/W3176679714","https://openalex.org/W3198249728","https://openalex.org/W3200904802","https://openalex.org/W3201077663","https://openalex.org/W3204845084","https://openalex.org/W3209655980","https://openalex.org/W4200247765","https://openalex.org/W4286438574","https://openalex.org/W4287847662","https://openalex.org/W4288104672","https://openalex.org/W4296079463","https://openalex.org/W4362724099","https://openalex.org/W4383721094","https://openalex.org/W6733635152","https://openalex.org/W6768432047"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2052122378","https://openalex.org/W2544423928","https://openalex.org/W2062023542","https://openalex.org/W4313731559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,17,141,156,167,196],"computer-based":[1],"Automated":[2],"Essay":[3],"Scoring":[4],"(AES)":[5],"system":[6,202],"automatically":[7],"marks":[8],"or":[9],"scores":[10],"student":[11],"replies":[12],"by":[13,233],"considering":[14],"relevant":[15],"criteria.":[16],"methodology,":[18],"which":[19,248],"systematically":[20],"categorizes":[21],"writing":[22],"quality,":[23],"can":[24,229],"increase":[25],"operational":[26],"effectiveness":[27],"in":[28,60],"academic":[29],"and":[30,51,63,84,100,106,147,154,190,210,212,220,254],"major":[31],"commercial":[32],"institutions.":[33],"To":[34],"study":[35,110],"the":[36,46,55,70,75,86,92,102,112,134,161,174,180,188,199,206,235,245,250,258],"projected":[37],"score,":[38],"AES":[39,201,259],"relies":[40],"on":[41,164,179],"extracting":[42],"numerous":[43],"aspects":[44],"from":[45],"student\u2019s":[47],"response,":[48],"including":[49],"grammatical":[50],"textural":[52],"information.":[53],"However,":[54,88],"recovered":[56],"features":[57,169],"may":[58],"result":[59],"dimensionality":[61],"reduction":[62,228],"a":[64,79,98,122,150,215,221],"challenging-to-understand":[65],"feature":[66],"selection":[67],"procedure.":[68],"As":[69],"number":[71],"of":[72,94,185,198,218,225],"parameters":[73,186],"rises,":[74],"model":[76,135,158,237],"also":[77],"demands":[78],"large":[80],"cost":[81],"for":[82,127,257],"processing":[83],"training":[85,130],"data.":[87],"these":[89,125],"problems":[90,126],"worsen":[91],"accuracy":[93,217],"score":[95,143,256],"prediction":[96],"as":[97,121,244],"whole":[99],"widen":[101],"gap":[103],"between":[104],"actual":[105],"anticipated":[107],"results.":[108],"This":[109,183],"suggested":[111],"Fox-optimized":[113],"Long":[114],"Short-Term":[115],"Memory-based":[116],"Augmented":[117],"Language":[118],"Model":[119],"(FLSTM-ALM)":[120],"solution":[123],"to":[124,131],"giving":[128],"successful":[129],"text":[132],"features;":[133],"uses":[136],"an":[137,239],"augmented":[138],"learning":[139],"paradigm.":[140],"retrieval":[142],"was":[144,203],"then":[145,171],"analyzed":[146],"generated":[148],"using":[149,173,205],"neural":[151,157],"knowledge":[152],"encoder":[153],"retriever.":[155],"successfully":[159],"classifies":[160],"output":[162],"based":[163,178],"this":[165],"score.":[166],"best":[168],"are":[170],"chosen":[172],"fox":[175],"optimization":[176,191],"algorithm":[177],"food-searching":[181],"category.":[182],"choice":[184],"solves":[187],"exploration":[189],"issue":[192],"with":[193,238],"document":[194],"classification.":[195],"performance":[197],"optimized":[200],"assessed":[204],"two":[207],"datasets,":[208],"ASAP":[209],"ETS,":[211],"it":[213],"demonstrated":[214],"high":[216],"98.92%":[219],"low":[222],"error":[223],"rate":[224],"0.096%.":[226],"Dimensionality":[227],"thus":[230],"be":[231],"fixed":[232],"optimizing":[234],"FLSTM-ALM":[236],"appropriate":[240],"meta-heuristic":[241],"method,":[242],"such":[243],"FOX":[246],"algorithm,":[247],"raises":[249],"predicted":[251],"accuracy,":[252],"recall,":[253],"f1":[255],"model.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}