{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393106172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3380895","title":"An Automated Approach for Predicting Road Traffic Accident Severity Using Transformer Learning and Explainable AI Technique","display_name":"An Automated Approach for Predicting Road Traffic Accident Severity Using Transformer Learning and Explainable AI Technique","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393106172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3380895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3380895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3380895","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10477984.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10477984.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032067824","display_name":"Omar Aboulola","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Ibrahim Aboulola","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-2562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015009082","display_name":"Ebtisam Alabdulqader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8539-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ebtisam Abdullah Alabdulqader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 800, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8539-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 800, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058181926","display_name":"Aisha Ahmed Alarfaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-2579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aisha Ahmed AlArfaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000028489","display_name":"Shtwai Alsubai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shtwai Alsubai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 151, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-7400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 151, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007596905","display_name":"Tai-hoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-8102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tai-Hoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50, Daehak-ro, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Yeosu-si, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-8102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50, Daehak-ro, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Yeosu-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.3734,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9624777,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"61062","last_page":"61072"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7349044680595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5555967688560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-traffic","display_name":"Road traffic","score":0.5270419716835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5100553631782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4059472680091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.24063584208488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13159888982772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09326612949371338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7349044680595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5555967688560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985695025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4323994","display_name":"Road traffic","level":2,"score":0.5270419716835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5100553631782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4059472680091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.24063584208488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13159888982772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09326612949371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3380895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3380895","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10477984.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9ca032d01b974ca38efbf8894b06eeb9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9ca032d01b974ca38efbf8894b06eeb9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 61062-61072 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3380895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3380895","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10477984.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393106172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393106172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2106220766","https://openalex.org/W2273396394","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2606745693","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2621409665","https://openalex.org/W2765736339","https://openalex.org/W2898887680","https://openalex.org/W2945388018","https://openalex.org/W2945526235","https://openalex.org/W2947982105","https://openalex.org/W2996705655","https://openalex.org/W3004591935","https://openalex.org/W3006086117","https://openalex.org/W3024740627","https://openalex.org/W3041192002","https://openalex.org/W3080948845","https://openalex.org/W3116135537","https://openalex.org/W3158773522","https://openalex.org/W3164508800","https://openalex.org/W3165069287","https://openalex.org/W3172909759","https://openalex.org/W3199808110","https://openalex.org/W3206704750","https://openalex.org/W3213098605","https://openalex.org/W3214497960","https://openalex.org/W3216594693","https://openalex.org/W4200414190","https://openalex.org/W4212807813","https://openalex.org/W4226286144","https://openalex.org/W4288108708","https://openalex.org/W4293221743","https://openalex.org/W4311361333","https://openalex.org/W4313260537","https://openalex.org/W4322731448","https://openalex.org/W4376876703","https://openalex.org/W4387486672","https://openalex.org/W4388709834","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6767707592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"accidents":[1,186],"continue":[2],"to":[3,46,78,101,185],"be":[4],"a":[5,50],"significant":[6],"cause":[7],"of":[8,39,57,74,97,181],"fatalities,":[9],"injuries,":[10],"and":[11,61,65,110,153,187],"considerable":[12],"disruptions":[13],"on":[14,29,113],"our":[15],"highways.":[16],"Understanding":[17],"the":[18,37,54,114,161,182],"underlying":[19],"factors":[20,44,117,183],"behind":[21],"these":[22,79,156],"incidents":[23],"is":[24,100],"crucial":[25],"for":[26,192],"improving":[27],"safety":[28],"road":[30],"networks.":[31],"While":[32],"recent":[33],"studies":[34],"have":[35],"highlighted":[36],"usefulness":[38],"predictive":[40,103],"modeling":[41],"in":[42,52,89,125],"uncovering":[43],"leading":[45],"accidents,":[47,126],"there":[48],"remains":[49],"gap":[51],"explaining":[53],"inner":[55],"workings":[56],"complex":[58],"machine":[59],"learning":[60,63,108],"deep":[62],"models":[64,80,104],"how":[66,169],"various":[67],"features":[68,171],"influence":[69],"accident":[70,173],"prediction.":[71],"This":[72],"lack":[73],"transparency":[75],"may":[76],"lead":[77],"being":[81],"perceived":[82],"as":[83],"black":[84],"boxes,":[85],"potentially":[86],"undermining":[87],"trust":[88],"their":[90,179,193],"findings":[91],"among":[92],"stakeholders.":[93],"The":[94],"primary":[95],"aim":[96],"this":[98],"research":[99],"develop":[102],"using":[105,118],"diverse":[106],"transfer":[107],"techniques":[109],"shed":[111],"light":[112],"most":[115],"influential":[116],"Shapley":[119],"values.":[120],"In":[121],"predicting":[122],"injury":[123],"severity":[124],"we":[127],"employ":[128],"Multilayer":[129],"Perceptron":[130],"(MLP),":[131],"Convolutional":[132],"Neural":[133],"Network":[134],"(CNN),":[135],"Long":[136],"Short-Term":[137],"Memory":[138],"(LSTM),":[139],"Residual":[140],"Networks":[141],"(ResNET),":[142],"EfficientNetB4,":[143],"InceptionV3,":[144],"Extreme":[145],"Inception":[146],"(Xception),":[147],"Visual":[148],"Geometry":[149],"Group":[150],"(VGG19),":[151],"AlexNet,":[152],"MobileNet.":[154],"Among":[155],"models,":[157,175],"MobileNet":[158],"emerges":[159],"with":[160],"highest":[162],"accuracy":[163],"at":[164],"0.9817.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"by":[167],"comprehending":[168],"different":[170],"impact":[172],"prediction":[174],"researchers":[176],"can":[177],"deepen":[178],"understanding":[180],"contributing":[184],"devise":[188],"more":[189],"effective":[190],"interventions":[191],"prevention.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}