{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392902290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3376738","title":"Intelligent Identification and Classification of Small UAV Remote Control Signals Based on Improved Yolov5-7.0","display_name":"Intelligent Identification and Classification of Small UAV Remote Control Signals Based on Improved Yolov5-7.0","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392902290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3376738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3376738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3376738","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10471392.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10471392.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032415949","display_name":"MinJing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0301-2237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minjing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0301-2237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026121019","display_name":"Donglai Hao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donglai Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053420998","display_name":"J Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0506-2198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0506-2198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103146568","display_name":"Shuozhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7271-4158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuozhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7271-4158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066906993","display_name":"Zijian Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-5961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhiwen Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032415949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.181,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77564278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"41688","last_page":"41703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7310771346092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.656790018081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45686835050582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4209098815917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36057084798812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3343391418457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32175901532173157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7310771346092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.656790018081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45686835050582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4209098815917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36057084798812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3343391418457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32175901532173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3376738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3376738","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10471392.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca4b2001d9d442b599935fd55da2b823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca4b2001d9d442b599935fd55da2b823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 41688-41703 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3376738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3376738","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10471392.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322592","display_name":"Tampereen Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392902290.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392902290.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995475379","https://openalex.org/W2090831498","https://openalex.org/W2581387731","https://openalex.org/W2587141750","https://openalex.org/W2607172015","https://openalex.org/W2610812060","https://openalex.org/W2626037489","https://openalex.org/W2737415096","https://openalex.org/W2779048393","https://openalex.org/W2806087517","https://openalex.org/W2808704117","https://openalex.org/W2887807614","https://openalex.org/W2903436071","https://openalex.org/W2911894576","https://openalex.org/W2944086006","https://openalex.org/W3024044210","https://openalex.org/W3025996032","https://openalex.org/W3041916388","https://openalex.org/W3086645455","https://openalex.org/W3118647853","https://openalex.org/W3135925085","https://openalex.org/W3170181770","https://openalex.org/W3177403466","https://openalex.org/W3187939243","https://openalex.org/W3216283721","https://openalex.org/W4200128174","https://openalex.org/W4200571553","https://openalex.org/W4221074078","https://openalex.org/W4285289939","https://openalex.org/W4295774762","https://openalex.org/W4302028453","https://openalex.org/W4312687005","https://openalex.org/W4313472267","https://openalex.org/W4320002466","https://openalex.org/W4321770289","https://openalex.org/W4379517435","https://openalex.org/W4380682570","https://openalex.org/W4383506292","https://openalex.org/W4385245781","https://openalex.org/W4386013485","https://openalex.org/W4390605092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W3123203398","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W2059707233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"present,":[1],"an":[2],"increasing":[3],"number":[4],"of":[5,17,41,107,112,124,156,172,227,249],"small":[6,18,42,50,80,116],"UAVs(Unmanned":[7],"Aerial":[8],"Vehicles)":[9],"are":[10],"commercialized":[11],"and":[12,14,34,64,114,127,147,168,177,203,212,225,234,244,252,259],"common,":[13],"the":[15,39,87,104,110,149,153,157,169,173,193,205,218,223,245],"application":[16],"UAVs":[19,228],"has":[20],"very":[21],"good":[22],"development":[23],"prospects,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"UAV":[27,30,35,113,117,145,158],"distribution":[28],"services,":[29,33],"aerial":[31],"photography":[32],"formation":[36],"performance.":[37],"However,":[38],"misuse":[40],"drones":[43,51,81],"poses":[44],"a":[45,99,122,165],"significant":[46],"threat.":[47],"Lawbreakers":[48],"use":[49],"equipped":[52],"with":[53,90,131,187],"various":[54,115],"sensors":[55],"to":[56,97,135,143,182],"spy":[57],"on":[58,74,86],"personal":[59],"privacy,":[60],"steal":[61],"corporate":[62],"secrets,":[63],"threaten":[65],"national":[66],"conferences,":[67],"which":[68],"have":[69],"had":[70],"many":[71],"adverse":[72],"effects":[73],"society.":[75],"In":[76],"future":[77],"wars,":[78],"these":[79],"will":[82],"perhaps":[83],"be":[84],"used":[85,209],"battlefield":[88],"along":[89],"high-end":[91],"weapons.":[92],"Therefore,":[93],"it":[94],"is":[95,180],"necessary":[96],"find":[98],"solution":[100],"for":[101,201,210],"effectively":[102,221],"identifying":[103,233],"basic":[105],"information":[106],"UAV.":[108,151],"For":[109],"existence":[111],"types,":[118],"this":[119],"paper":[120],"proposes":[121],"combination":[123],"RF":[125,137,154],"sensing":[126],"target":[128,132,196],"detection":[129,133,197,224],"techniques":[130],"algorithms":[134],"learn":[136],"signal":[138,155],"frequency":[139,140,184,189],"hopping":[141,190],"features":[142],"detect":[144],"presence":[146],"identify":[148],"detected":[150],"First,":[152],"was":[159,199,208,242],"obtained":[160,231],"in":[161],"real":[162],"time":[163],"by":[164,232],"software":[166],"radio,":[167],"time-frequency":[170],"analysis":[171],"short-time":[174],"Fourier":[175],"transform":[176,179],"wavelet":[178],"performed":[181],"generate":[183],"domain":[185],"images":[186],"retained":[188],"features.":[191],"Then,":[192],"improved":[194],"Yolov5-7.0":[195],"model":[198,207],"employed":[200],"training,":[202],"finally,":[204],"trained":[206],"identification":[211],"classification.":[213],"The":[214,239],"results":[215],"showed":[216],"that":[217,229],"method":[219],"can":[220],"assist":[222],"classification":[226],"were":[230,256],"classifying":[235],"5400":[236],"unlabeled":[237],"images.":[238],"F1":[240],"score":[241],"0.93,":[243],"three":[246],"assessment":[247],"measures":[248],"P(Precision),":[250],"R(Recall),":[251],"mAP(mean":[253],"Average":[254],"Precision)":[255],"1.00,":[257,258],"0.967,":[260],"respectively.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
