{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392667162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375882","title":"Devising and Detecting Phishing Emails Using Large Language Models","display_name":"Devising and Detecting Phishing Emails Using Large Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392667162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3375882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375882","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10466545.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10466545.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068369649","display_name":"Fredrik Heiding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7884-966X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fred Heiding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering And Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7884-966X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering And Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037770347","display_name":"Bruce Schneier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-1083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Schneier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-1083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024844538","display_name":"Arun Vishwanath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-6614"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arun Vishwanath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Avant Research Group, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Avant Research Group, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083085831","display_name":"Jeremy Bernstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Bernstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087342854","display_name":"Peter S. Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6532-0529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter S. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6532-0529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068369649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1249,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1347},"fwci":52.9661,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99895961,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"42131","last_page":"42146"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.8145991563796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7772930860519409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.366925984621048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.299181193113327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.2176627814769745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.8145991563796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7772930860519409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.366925984621048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.299181193113327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2176627814769745}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3375882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375882","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10466545.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac3d9ad383bb4e2092a20459752e356a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac3d9ad383bb4e2092a20459752e356a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 42131-42146 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3375882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375882","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10466545.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392667162.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392667162.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512366833","https://openalex.org/W2000972311","https://openalex.org/W2002734807","https://openalex.org/W2131906261","https://openalex.org/W2170899042","https://openalex.org/W2475201703","https://openalex.org/W2477913880","https://openalex.org/W2557778508","https://openalex.org/W2740534380","https://openalex.org/W2944554782","https://openalex.org/W3006834142","https://openalex.org/W3088268064","https://openalex.org/W3094117827","https://openalex.org/W4213081600","https://openalex.org/W4225454120","https://openalex.org/W4251323996","https://openalex.org/W4292014190","https://openalex.org/W4306639543","https://openalex.org/W4313484477","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4360818927","https://openalex.org/W4366967614","https://openalex.org/W4372260394","https://openalex.org/W4376122680","https://openalex.org/W4376312605","https://openalex.org/W4380353960","https://openalex.org/W4383427878","https://openalex.org/W4390041933","https://openalex.org/W6848884192","https://openalex.org/W6850830318","https://openalex.org/W6851985269","https://openalex.org/W6852800892","https://openalex.org/W6853877726","https://openalex.org/W6860041859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W2482950156","https://openalex.org/W4396966040","https://openalex.org/W2305322260","https://openalex.org/W3139248031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AI":[0],"programs,":[1],"built":[2],"using":[3,59],"large":[4,160,226],"language":[5,161,183,227],"models,":[6],"make":[7,213],"it":[8],"possible":[9],"to":[10,36,69,78,89,129,168,179,189],"automatically":[11,54],"create":[12],"phishing":[13,34,51,80,173,196,222,233,236],"emails":[14,35,52,88,99,108,110,117,174],"based":[15],"on":[16],"a":[17,22,27,101,138,186],"few":[18],"data":[19],"points":[20],"about":[21],"user.":[23],"The":[24,96,182],"V-Triad":[25,68,114,123],"is":[26],"set":[28],"of":[29,50,152,172,216,220,232],"rules":[30],"for":[31,93],"manually":[32,58],"designing":[33],"exploit":[37],"our":[38,83],"cognitive":[39],"heuristics":[40],"and":[41,57,116,121,166,175,234],"biases.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"study,":[45],"we":[46,156,212],"compare":[47,176],"the":[48,60,67,94,106,113,122,141,150,170,177,217,230],"performance":[49],"created":[53],"by":[55,112,119,237],"GPT-4":[56,65],"V-Triad.":[61],"We":[62,86],"also":[63],"combine":[64],"with":[66],"assess":[70],"their":[71,239],"combined":[72],"potential.":[73],"A":[74],"fourth":[75],"group,":[76],"exposed":[77],"generic":[79],"emails,":[81],"was":[82,127],"control":[84,97],"group.":[85],"sent":[87],"112":[90],"participants":[91],"recruited":[92],"study.":[95],"group":[98],"received":[100],"click-through":[102],"rate":[103],"between":[104],"19-28%,":[105],"GPT-generated":[107],"30-44%,":[109],"generated":[111,118],"69-79%,":[115],"GPT":[120],"43-81%.":[124],"Each":[125],"participant":[126],"asked":[128],"explain":[130],"why":[131],"they":[132],"pressed":[133],"or":[134],"did":[135],"not":[136],"press":[137],"link":[139],"in":[140,194],"email.":[142],"These":[143],"answers":[144],"often":[145,204],"contradict":[146],"each":[147],"other,":[148],"highlighting":[149],"importance":[151],"personal":[153],"differences.":[154],"Next,":[155],"used":[157],"four":[158],"popular":[159],"models":[162,184,228],"(GPT,":[163],"Claude,":[164],"PaLM,":[165],"LLaMA)":[167],"detect":[169,190],"intention":[171],"results":[178],"human":[180,201],"detection.":[181],"demonstrated":[185],"strong":[187],"ability":[188],"malicious":[191],"intent,":[192],"even":[193],"non-obvious":[195],"emails.":[197],"They":[198],"sometimes":[199],"surpassed":[200],"detection,":[202],"although":[203],"being":[205],"slightly":[206],"less":[207],"accurate":[208],"than":[209],"humans.":[210],"Finally,":[211],"an":[214],"analysis":[215],"economic":[218],"aspects":[219],"AI-enabled":[221],"attacks,":[223],"showing":[224],"how":[225],"increase":[229],"incentives":[231],"spear":[235],"reducing":[238],"costs.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}