{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392543765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375115","title":"Adaptive Robust Observer-Based Control for Structural Load Mitigation and Speed Regulation in Commercial Wind Turbines","display_name":"Adaptive Robust Observer-Based Control for Structural Load Mitigation and Speed Regulation in Commercial Wind Turbines","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392543765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3375115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375115","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10463045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10463045.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046441584","display_name":"Edwin Kipchirchir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-7225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Kipchirchir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1-21, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-7225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1-21, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077872833","display_name":"M. Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-4139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Hung Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Heat Engineering and Refrigeration, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam","School of Heat Engineering and Refrigeration, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-4139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Heat Engineering and Refrigeration, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Heat Engineering and Refrigeration, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103141043","display_name":"Jackson G. Njiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0173-3327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26805570","display_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015h5sy57","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jackson G. Njiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0173-3327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113663613","display_name":"Dirk S\u00f6ffker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk S\u00f6ffker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1-21, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8299-101X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Dynamics and Control, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1-21, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0862,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75580041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"38335","last_page":"38350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12206","display_name":"Vibration and Dynamic Analysis","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12206","display_name":"Vibration and Dynamic Analysis","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.6753624081611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5957720875740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5389059782028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.5272592306137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.490474671125412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-control","display_name":"Robust control","score":0.4876919984817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4361557364463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.42922353744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3718418478965759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.3219592571258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18328264355659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13775476813316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10662192106246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.07772573828697205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.6753624081611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5957720875740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5389059782028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5272592306137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.490474671125412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.4876919984817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4361557364463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.42922353744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3718418478965759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3219592571258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18328264355659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13775476813316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10662192106246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.07772573828697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3375115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375115","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10463045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbbd7a8fc6e2457987f77c541f2b71e3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbbd7a8fc6e2457987f77c541f2b71e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 38335-38350 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3375115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3375115","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10463045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325052","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331163","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Kenya","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392543765.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392543765.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166927295","https://openalex.org/W1690171307","https://openalex.org/W1963567385","https://openalex.org/W1991683495","https://openalex.org/W2012604200","https://openalex.org/W2046606127","https://openalex.org/W2097435333","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2131489323","https://openalex.org/W2194023685","https://openalex.org/W2314294221","https://openalex.org/W2491925760","https://openalex.org/W2546684228","https://openalex.org/W2566137932","https://openalex.org/W2769993532","https://openalex.org/W2775426897","https://openalex.org/W2779681484","https://openalex.org/W2793192162","https://openalex.org/W2798156931","https://openalex.org/W2883806218","https://openalex.org/W2930362913","https://openalex.org/W2949601758","https://openalex.org/W2969995541","https://openalex.org/W2991140364","https://openalex.org/W3010218783","https://openalex.org/W3016213820","https://openalex.org/W3018589140","https://openalex.org/W3024024117","https://openalex.org/W3088144154","https://openalex.org/W3108703026","https://openalex.org/W3138228794","https://openalex.org/W3144367631","https://openalex.org/W3155235236","https://openalex.org/W3155733938","https://openalex.org/W3177168115","https://openalex.org/W3194827788","https://openalex.org/W4214807611","https://openalex.org/W4283365315","https://openalex.org/W4385948751","https://openalex.org/W6606799827","https://openalex.org/W6776518574","https://openalex.org/W6786283197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380482219","https://openalex.org/W4377969695","https://openalex.org/W4312678308","https://openalex.org/W2108470770","https://openalex.org/W1512021029","https://openalex.org/W1972862722","https://openalex.org/W2281732014","https://openalex.org/W2063351494","https://openalex.org/W1562326332","https://openalex.org/W2319803529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,12,16,48,56,69,126,137,147,153,230,243,246,258,263,267,279,296,301,305,319,326],"size":[2],"of":[3,33,58,68,82,141,149,162,182,245],"wind":[4,43,188],"turbines":[5],"(WTs)":[6],"increases,":[7],"an":[8,26,204],"additional":[9],"increase":[10],"in":[11,31,42,136,152],"structural":[13,156,175,264,297],"load":[14,50,157,176,265,306],"on":[15,28,79,125,221,249,266,278,300,307,318],"WT":[17,226,302,309],"components":[18],"is":[19,190,201,219,312],"to":[20,100,131,211,294],"be":[21],"expected.":[22],"This":[23,209,311],"will":[24],"have":[25],"impact":[27,317],"operational":[29],"safety":[30],"terms":[32],"damage":[34],"and":[35,39,178,255,273,277,284,322],"service":[36],"life.":[37],"Spatial":[38],"temporal":[40],"fluctuations":[41],"speed":[44,160,180,189,321],"are":[45,71,75,98,105,129],"responsible":[46],"for":[47,109,155,174],"fatigue":[49],"during":[51],"power":[52,323,328],"generation.":[53],"To":[54,192],"minimize":[55,89],"effects":[57],"varying":[59],"stresses,":[60],"advanced":[61],"control":[62,161,172,217,260,324],"systems":[63],"that":[64,86],"incorporate":[65],"appropriate":[66],"models":[67,81],"disturbances":[70],"proposed.":[72,191],"These":[73],"controllers":[74,97],"usually":[76],"developed":[77,108,228],"based":[78],"reduced-order":[80],"nonlinear":[83],"WTs":[84,184],"so":[85],"they":[87,104],"can":[88,115],"uncertainties":[90],"such":[91],"as":[92],"modeling":[93],"errors.":[94],"Although":[95],"robust":[96,170,196],"able":[99],"deal":[101],"with":[102,203,242],"uncertainties,":[103],"still":[106],"only":[107],"design":[110,154],"situations.":[111],"Therefore,":[112],"their":[113],"performance":[114],"deteriorate":[116],"significantly":[117],"under":[118,329],"very":[119],"uncertain":[120],"operating":[121,134,185,213,331],"conditions.":[122,332],"Adaptive":[123],"controllers,":[124,257],"other":[127],"hand,":[128],"designed":[130],"consider":[132,146],"multiple":[133],"points":[135],"design.":[138],"However,":[139],"most":[140],"these":[142],"methods":[143],"do":[144],"not":[145],"optimization":[148],"different":[150],"objectives":[151],"reduction":[158,177],"or":[159,325],"WTs.":[163],"In":[164],"this":[165],"paper,":[166],"a":[167,195,222,250,291],"novel":[168],"adaptive":[169,205],"observer-based":[171],"strategy":[173],"rotor":[179,268,320],"regulation":[181],"commercial":[183],"at":[186],"higher":[187],"achieve":[193],"this,":[194],"disturbance":[197],"accommodating":[198],"controller":[199,207],"(RDAC)":[200],"combined":[202],"pitch":[206],"(aIPC).":[208],"adapts":[210],"changing":[212,330],"points.":[214],"The":[215,236],"proposed":[216,259],"method":[218,261],"tested":[220],"1.5":[223],"MW":[224],"reference":[225],"(RWT)":[227],"by":[229,270,281,303],"National":[231],"Renewable":[232],"Energy":[233],"Laboratory":[234],"(NREL).":[235],"simulation":[237],"results":[238],"show":[239],"that,":[240],"compared":[241],"state":[244],"art":[247],"presented":[248],"gain-scheduled":[251],"proportional":[252],"integral":[253],"(GSPI)":[254],"RDAC":[256],"reduces":[262],"blades":[269],"10.7":[271],"%":[272,283],"9.2":[274],"%,":[275,286],"respectively,":[276],"tower":[280],"36.2":[282],"8.4":[285],"respectively.":[287],"It":[288],"therefore":[289],"makes":[290],"key":[292],"contribution":[293],"mitigating":[295],"dynamic":[298],"loads":[299],"reducing":[304],"several":[308],"components.":[310],"achieved":[313],"without":[314],"any":[315],"significant":[316],"generated":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}