{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392449654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373879","title":"Enhanced Lightweight Medical Sensor Networks Authentication Scheme Based on Blockchain","display_name":"Enhanced Lightweight Medical Sensor Networks Authentication Scheme Based on Blockchain","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392449654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373879"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3373879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373879","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10460552.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10460552.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102724781","display_name":"Tae-Woong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8697-7834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taewoong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-si, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8697-7834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077885075","display_name":"N.S. Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8054-2242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naryun Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-si, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8054-2242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054736992","display_name":"Jihyeon Ryu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-3853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihyeon Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-si, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-3853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":14.2514,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98808819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"35612","last_page":"35629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9318368434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7296561598777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6057778596878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5861923098564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5238028764724731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4902496933937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.42115700244903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3973584473133087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9318368434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7296561598777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6057778596878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5861923098564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5238028764724731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4902496933937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.42115700244903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3973584473133087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3373879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373879","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10460552.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44740cea8e5a40128fd530e463cdb48d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44740cea8e5a40128fd530e463cdb48d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 35612-35629 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3373879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373879","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10460552.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2607579647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00239728","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5746632088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00239728","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8584883005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. RS-2023-00239728","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321374","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392449654.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392449654.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603878273","https://openalex.org/W1652714411","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2066571890","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2515895400","https://openalex.org/W2521899819","https://openalex.org/W2570008916","https://openalex.org/W2613748018","https://openalex.org/W2620904645","https://openalex.org/W2625958646","https://openalex.org/W2753121224","https://openalex.org/W2923796516","https://openalex.org/W2990067773","https://openalex.org/W3009034279","https://openalex.org/W3009564320","https://openalex.org/W3021959812","https://openalex.org/W3028449155","https://openalex.org/W3082478288","https://openalex.org/W3085070923","https://openalex.org/W3094137976","https://openalex.org/W3127490805","https://openalex.org/W3162352308","https://openalex.org/W3163508094","https://openalex.org/W3192497978","https://openalex.org/W3201909053","https://openalex.org/W3211845299","https://openalex.org/W4206975148","https://openalex.org/W4210757720","https://openalex.org/W4210835755","https://openalex.org/W4225687710","https://openalex.org/W4285205233","https://openalex.org/W4309757160","https://openalex.org/W4323914335","https://openalex.org/W4328121691","https://openalex.org/W4379468619","https://openalex.org/W6636944078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2242172122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,53,138],"the":[1,12,29,33,42,75,89,116,119,128,160,193,215,232,239,245,273,280,303],"rapidly":[2],"evolving":[3],"environment":[4],"of":[5,14,79,91,95,118,123,130,234,254],"wireless":[6],"medical":[7,15,19],"sensor":[8],"networks":[9],"(WMSN)":[10],"and":[11,38,40,77,114,121,147,188,221,269,276,289,297],"internet":[13],"things":[16],"(IoMT),":[17],"remote":[18],"support":[20],"has":[21,100],"seen":[22],"unprecedented":[23],"advancements.":[24],"It":[25],"is":[26,57,66],"essential":[27],"that":[28,41,178,259],"data":[30,216],"relayed":[31],"from":[32],"sensors":[34,43],"must":[35],"be":[36],"trustworthy":[37],"unaltered,":[39],"themselves":[44],"are":[45],"genuine.":[46],"Wireless":[47],"networks,":[48],"however,":[49],"have":[50,70,85],"inherent":[51],"vulnerabilities.":[52],"addition,":[54],"since":[55],"WMSN":[56,152,301],"directly":[58],"linked":[59],"to":[60,73,87,104,199,208],"patients\u2019":[61],"lives,":[62],"its":[63],"continuous":[64],"availability":[65],"crucial.":[67],"Considerable":[68],"efforts":[69],"been":[71,101],"made":[72],"maintain":[74],"integrity":[76,122],"authenticity":[78,120],"such":[80],"data.":[81],"However,":[82],"many":[83],"studies":[84],"failed":[86],"address":[88,111],"problem":[90,162],"a":[92,144],"single":[93],"point":[94],"failure":[96],"(SPOF).":[97],"This":[98,241],"issue":[99,113,247],"particularly":[102],"detrimental":[103],"patients":[105],"who":[106],"require":[107],"ongoing":[108],"management.":[109],"To":[110],"this":[112,179],"ensure":[115],"protection":[117],"patient":[124],"data,":[125],"we":[126],"suggest":[127],"implementation":[129],"an":[131,204,295],"authentication":[132,146,166],"scheme":[133,150,180,282],"based":[134],"on":[135,172,238],"blockchain":[136,194],"technology.":[137],"2022,":[139],"Yu":[140],"et":[141],"al.":[142],"introduced":[143],"blockchain-integrated":[145],"key":[148],"generation":[149],"for":[151,300],"using":[153,272],"Physical":[154],"Unclonable":[155],"Functions":[156],"(PUFs),":[157],"effectively":[158],"addressing":[159],"SPOF":[161,246],"by":[163],"conducting":[164],"mutual":[165],"through":[167,267],"smart":[168,219],"contracts":[169,220],"without":[170],"relying":[171],"centralized":[173],"servers.":[174],"Our":[175],"research":[176],"found":[177],"inadvertently":[181],"shared":[182],"critical":[183],"parameters,":[184,228],"including":[185],"challenge-response":[186],"pairs":[187],"important":[189],"private":[190],"keys,":[191],"with":[192,218],"network,":[195],"making":[196],"it":[197],"vulnerable":[198],"various":[200],"breaches.":[201],"We":[202,257],"present":[203],"enhanced":[205],"protocol":[206],"designed":[207],"mitigate":[209],"these":[210],"security":[211,265],"challenges.":[212],"By":[213],"limiting":[214],"interaction":[217],"ensuring":[222],"only":[223,243],"relevant":[224],"parties":[225],"access":[226],"crucial":[227],"our":[229,260],"approach":[230],"reduces":[231],"risk":[233],"public":[235],"information":[236],"disclosure":[237],"blockchain.":[240],"not":[242],"mitigates":[244],"but":[248],"also":[249],"efficiently":[250],"helps":[251],"in":[252,286,291,302],"prevention":[253],"physical":[255],"attacks.":[256],"prove":[258],"proposed":[261,281],"system":[262],"prevents":[263],"known":[264],"vulnerabilities":[266],"informal":[268],"formal":[270],"analysis":[271],"Scyther,":[274],"Proverif,":[275],"BAN":[277],"logic.":[278],"Furthermore,":[279],"offers":[283],"67.37%":[284],"reduction":[285],"computation":[287],"costs":[288],"3.67%":[290],"communication":[292],"costs,":[293],"presenting":[294],"efficient":[296],"secure":[298],"solution":[299],"IoMT":[304],"landscape.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}