{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392406172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373709","title":"Twofold Sparsity: Joint Bit- and Network-Level Sparsity for Energy-Efficient Deep Neural Network Using RRAM Based Compute-In-Memory","display_name":"Twofold Sparsity: Joint Bit- and Network-Level Sparsity for Energy-Efficient Deep Neural Network Using RRAM Based Compute-In-Memory","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392406172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3373709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373709","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10459196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10459196.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026872115","display_name":"Foroozan Karimzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-7784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Foroozan Karimzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-7784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091408102","display_name":"Arijit Raychowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-0576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arijit Raychowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-0576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3828,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50360295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"35125","last_page":"35134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8186909556388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.6491929888725281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.6373608112335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6051807403564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.557937741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5206100940704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.49578842520713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.47793060541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47641026973724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.46382132172584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4586101174354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4459001421928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4379864037036896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.43112218379974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4305349886417389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.41805362701416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.33616015315055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30138877034187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.22665777802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11926215887069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.10853689908981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.08611464500427246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8186909556388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.6491929888725281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.6373608112335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6051807403564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.557937741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5206100940704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.49578842520713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.47793060541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47641026973724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.46382132172584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4586101174354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4459001421928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4379864037036896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.43112218379974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4305349886417389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.41805362701416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33616015315055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30138877034187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.22665777802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11926215887069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10853689908981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.08611464500427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3373709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373709","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10459196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d53e189637a44bc6959a2b105376a123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d53e189637a44bc6959a2b105376a123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 35125-35134 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3373709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3373709","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10459196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5187368355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2777.006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5355509608","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2777.004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6866389135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2777.005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392406172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392406172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1820718138","https://openalex.org/W1880399293","https://openalex.org/W2090032487","https://openalex.org/W2117422822","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2248832573","https://openalex.org/W2534720278","https://openalex.org/W2560384232","https://openalex.org/W2584335437","https://openalex.org/W2586654419","https://openalex.org/W2607225320","https://openalex.org/W2625457103","https://openalex.org/W2785141883","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2794288888","https://openalex.org/W2905810301","https://openalex.org/W2913402275","https://openalex.org/W2935381027","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2964133305","https://openalex.org/W2981207549","https://openalex.org/W3003175769","https://openalex.org/W3007317489","https://openalex.org/W3093859587","https://openalex.org/W3107658706","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3132986466","https://openalex.org/W3133212831","https://openalex.org/W3163785120","https://openalex.org/W4210261411","https://openalex.org/W4308650754","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6683826617","https://openalex.org/W6773270737","https://openalex.org/W6790152577","https://openalex.org/W6810182604","https://openalex.org/W6860054160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W4313463218","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3214037210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On-device":[0],"intelligence":[1],"and":[2,11,50,79,123,155,157,184],"AI-powered":[3],"edge":[4,197],"devices":[5],"require":[6],"compressed":[7],"deep":[8,30,56,87,188],"learning":[9,31,57,189],"algorithm":[10],"energy":[12,175],"efficient":[13],"hardware.":[14],"Compute-in-memory":[15],"(CIM)":[16],"architecture":[17,95],"is":[18,143,162],"a":[19,76],"more":[20],"suitable":[21],"candidate":[22],"than":[23],"traditional":[24],"Complementary":[25],"Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor":[26],"(CMOS)":[27],"technology":[28],"for":[29,45,96,151],"applications":[32],"since":[33],"computations":[34],"are":[35,60],"performed":[36],"directly":[37],"within":[38],"the":[39,43,54,86,103,114,124,129,132,140,147,166],"memory":[40,49],"itself,":[41],"reducing":[42],"need":[44],"data":[46],"movement":[47],"between":[48,153],"processing":[51],"units.":[52],"However,":[53],"current":[55],"compression":[58],"techniques":[59],"not":[61],"designed":[62],"to":[63,83,112,127,145,164,173,182,191],"take":[64],"advantage":[65,92],"of":[66,93],"CIM":[67,94,161],"architecture.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"work,":[71],"we":[72],"proposed":[73],"Twofold":[74,99,168],"Sparsity,":[75],"joint":[77],"bit-":[78],"network-level":[80],"sparsity":[81,179],"method":[82,101,170],"highly":[84],"sparsify":[85,102,113,128],"leaning":[88],"models":[89,190],"by":[90,107,134],"taking":[91],"energy-efficient":[97],"computations.":[98],"Sparsity":[100,169],"network":[104],"during":[105],"training":[106],"adding":[108],"two":[109],"regularizations,":[110],"one":[111,126],"weights":[115,150,156],"using":[116],"Linear":[117],"Feedback":[118],"Shift":[119],"Register":[120],"(LFSR)":[121],"mask,":[122],"other":[125],"values":[130],"in":[131,177],"bit-level":[133],"making":[135],"bits":[136],"zero.":[137],"During":[138],"inference,":[139],"same":[141],"LFSRs":[142],"used":[144],"choose":[146],"correct":[148],"sparsed":[149],"multiplication":[152],"input":[154],"2bit/cell":[158],"RRAM":[159],"based":[160],"responsible":[163],"do":[165],"computation.":[167],"achieved":[171],"1.3x":[172],"4.35x":[174],"efficiency":[176],"different":[178],"rates":[180],"compared":[181],"baselines":[183],"eventually":[185],"enabling":[186],"powerful":[187],"be":[192],"run":[193],"on":[194],"power":[195],"constrained":[196],"devices.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}