{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392122089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3369585","title":"Reliability Modeling of Fault-Tolerant FPGA-Based Architectures in Space Applications for Soft and Hard Error Recovery","display_name":"Reliability Modeling of Fault-Tolerant FPGA-Based Architectures in Space Applications for Soft and Hard Error Recovery","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392122089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3369585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3369585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3369585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3369585","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075607669","display_name":"Manar N. Shaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9140-4371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manar N. Shaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9140-4371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020938702","display_name":"Ahmed Hussien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6139-3360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Hussien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109553881","display_name":"Hassanein H. Amer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80693520","display_name":"American University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yqn58","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassanein H. Amer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009242925","display_name":"Beatrice Shokry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6372-6765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80693520","display_name":"American University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yqn58","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Shokry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56155391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"31930","last_page":"31943"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-error","display_name":"Soft error","score":0.8130800724029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7633795738220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7104953527450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.6719378232955933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6635352373123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4805612862110138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.47588860988616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4752630591392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.4456765651702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2133614718914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2038888931274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.1748155951499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10618743300437927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154474529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658917","display_name":"Soft error","level":2,"score":0.8130800724029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7633795738220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7104953527450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.6719378232955933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6635352373123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4805612862110138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.47588860988616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4752630591392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.4456765651702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2133614718914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2038888931274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.1748155951499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10618743300437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3369585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3369585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf72c14e588f40578bd389b6c9b9f1a3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf72c14e588f40578bd389b6c9b9f1a3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 31930-31943 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3369585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3369585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533751637","https://openalex.org/W1598941862","https://openalex.org/W1650942424","https://openalex.org/W1965628922","https://openalex.org/W1968395020","https://openalex.org/W1985753583","https://openalex.org/W2002137790","https://openalex.org/W2063910796","https://openalex.org/W2118637853","https://openalex.org/W2170154730","https://openalex.org/W2183989252","https://openalex.org/W2324943678","https://openalex.org/W2373905134","https://openalex.org/W2402979134","https://openalex.org/W2408761616","https://openalex.org/W2765247109","https://openalex.org/W2790442549","https://openalex.org/W2878471950","https://openalex.org/W2905259987","https://openalex.org/W2957587580","https://openalex.org/W2961858361","https://openalex.org/W2999315116","https://openalex.org/W3034737819","https://openalex.org/W3106979591","https://openalex.org/W4205636926","https://openalex.org/W4231340621","https://openalex.org/W4238097735","https://openalex.org/W4296705203","https://openalex.org/W6708584015","https://openalex.org/W6851666499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041615232","https://openalex.org/W2061783171","https://openalex.org/W1906576859","https://openalex.org/W2110991008","https://openalex.org/W2000201823","https://openalex.org/W2042832476","https://openalex.org/W2116314988","https://openalex.org/W2149051075","https://openalex.org/W2061536619","https://openalex.org/W2394408226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FPGAs":[0,32],"are":[1,33,53,89],"currently":[2],"being":[3],"used":[4,216],"in":[5,19,44,128,134,199],"many":[6,129],"applications":[7,17],"due":[8],"to":[9,35,46,62,217,227],"their":[10],"flexibility":[11],"and":[12,37,112,193,222,231],"re-programmability.":[13],"Some":[14],"of":[15,86,130,190],"these":[16,31,51,235],"operate":[18],"harsh":[20,48],"environments.":[21],"One":[22],"such":[23],"environment":[24],"is":[25,97,125,152,157,215],"space.":[26],"Focusing":[27],"on":[28],"space":[29,49],"applications,":[30],"subjected":[34],"soft":[36],"hard":[38,79],"faults.":[39,80],"For":[40],"newer":[41],"technology":[42],"nodes,":[43],"addition":[45],"the":[47,131,137,147,161,171,187,201,206,211,219,229],"environment,":[50],"errors":[52],"more":[54],"severe.":[55],"This":[56,151],"paper":[57],"investigates":[58],"several":[59],"fault-tolerant":[60],"architectures":[61,103],"mitigate":[63],"Single":[64],"Event":[65,69,73],"Upsets":[66,70,74],"(SEUs),":[67],"Double":[68],"(DEUs),":[71],"Triple":[72,115,139,173,224],"(TEUs)":[75],"as":[76,78],"well":[77],"Conventionally,":[81],"for":[82],"TEUs,":[83],"seven":[84],"copies":[85],"a":[87,93,108,113,143,153,167],"module":[88],"required":[90],"(7MR).":[91],"Therefore,":[92],"modified":[94,109,114,138,148,162,172,220,223],"7MR":[95,149,221],"architecture":[96,111,141,164,175],"studied":[98,133],"along":[99],"with":[100,104,210],"two":[101],"other":[102],"six":[105,181],"redundant":[106,182],"modules:":[107],"6MR":[110,163],"Duplex":[116,140,174,225],"architecture.":[117,150,204],"Using":[118],"Continuous":[119],"Time":[120],"Markov":[121],"Chains":[122],"(CTMCs),":[123],"it":[124],"proven":[126,159],"that,":[127],"cases":[132],"this":[135],"article,":[136],"has":[142,166],"higher":[144],"reliability":[145,169],"than":[146,170],"counter-intuitive":[154],"result.":[155],"It":[156],"also":[158],"that":[160],"always":[165],"lower":[168],"even":[176],"though":[177],"they":[178],"both":[179],"require":[180],"modules.":[183],"The":[184],"ratio":[185],"between":[186],"relative":[188],"rates":[189],"SEUs,":[191],"DEUs":[192],"TEUs":[194],"plays":[195],"an":[196],"important":[197],"role":[198],"determining":[200],"most":[202],"reliable":[203],"Furthermore,":[205],"Xilinx":[207],"Vivado":[208],"tool":[209],"Kintex7,":[212],"7k410tfbg676":[213],"device":[214],"implement":[218],"voters":[226],"estimate":[228],"area":[230],"power":[232],"consumed":[233],"by":[234],"techniques.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
