{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391892567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3366517","title":"Combining Reinforcement Learning With Genetic Algorithm for Many-To-Many Route Optimization of Autonomous Vehicles","display_name":"Combining Reinforcement Learning With Genetic Algorithm for Many-To-Many Route Optimization of Autonomous Vehicles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391892567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3366517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3366517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3366517","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10438424.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10438424.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089494485","display_name":"Sunhyung Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6952-5054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sunhyung Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Built Environment, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Built Environment, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330218","display_name":"Hyun Woo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2473-8360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119575151","display_name":"Korea National University of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qqbe534","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119575151"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119575151"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087138648","display_name":"Jinwoo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-4115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Built Environment, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-4115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Built Environment, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089494485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1399,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75291369,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"26931","last_page":"26942"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.817529559135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7096748352050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5425593852996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4495691657066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3598824739456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3347400426864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32715609669685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11256614327430725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.817529559135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7096748352050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5425593852996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4495691657066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3598824739456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3347400426864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32715609669685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11256614327430725}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3366517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3366517","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10438424.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_85529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_85529","pdf_url":"https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/84158b0e-9d1e-4b0c-9139-9edb3556afe6/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 12, 26931-26942","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a78332cac134453c831a01eb783ee10e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a78332cac134453c831a01eb783ee10e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 26931-26942 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3366517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3366517","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10438424.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1316919307","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-KA161756","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","funder_display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3741049876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-KA161756","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320965","display_name":"University of New South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321349","display_name":"Korea National University of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qqbe534"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/04xt5aa77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","ror":"https://ror.org/00rxf7n07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391892567.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391892567.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1969589371","https://openalex.org/W1987538719","https://openalex.org/W2063395283","https://openalex.org/W2089401941","https://openalex.org/W2120821087","https://openalex.org/W2123430619","https://openalex.org/W2131527844","https://openalex.org/W2465194697","https://openalex.org/W2592037556","https://openalex.org/W2884780800","https://openalex.org/W2900507349","https://openalex.org/W2938157874","https://openalex.org/W2980210295","https://openalex.org/W2985495028","https://openalex.org/W2995723352","https://openalex.org/W3028512226","https://openalex.org/W3033243287","https://openalex.org/W3038895049","https://openalex.org/W3042408539","https://openalex.org/W3090765319","https://openalex.org/W3148926248","https://openalex.org/W3158694080","https://openalex.org/W3158714437","https://openalex.org/W4200047267","https://openalex.org/W4231702991","https://openalex.org/W4244421641","https://openalex.org/W4285208255","https://openalex.org/W4289792754","https://openalex.org/W4319459093","https://openalex.org/W4320474812","https://openalex.org/W4327640206","https://openalex.org/W4381547764","https://openalex.org/W4402877086","https://openalex.org/W6601766887","https://openalex.org/W6622546003","https://openalex.org/W6734308682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"an":[3,30],"approach":[4],"for":[5],"route":[6,48],"optimization":[7],"of":[8,43,71,81,92],"many-to-many":[9],"Demand-Responsive":[10],"Transport":[11],"(DRT)":[12],"services.":[13],"In":[14],"contrast":[15],"to":[16,52,61,100,139,144],"conventional":[17],"fixed-route":[18],"transit":[19],"systems,":[20],"DRT":[21,34],"provides":[22],"dynamic,":[23],"flexible,":[24],"and":[25,79,88,104,120,142,161],"cost-effective":[26],"alternatives.":[27],"We":[28],"present":[29],"algorithm":[31,58,96],"that":[32,116],"integrates":[33],"with":[35,157],"the":[36,65,69,76,89,93,121,137,151,167],"autonomous":[37],"shuttles":[38],"at":[39],"Korea":[40],"National":[41],"University":[42],"Transportation":[44],"(KNUT),":[45],"allowing":[46],"dynamic":[47],"modifications":[49],"in":[50,132],"real-time":[51],"accommodate":[53],"incoming":[54],"service":[55,159],"calls.":[56],"The":[57,95,107,126],"is":[59],"designed":[60],"take":[62],"into":[63],"account":[64],"shuttle\u2019s":[66],"current":[67,77],"position,":[68],"destinations":[70,80],"passengers":[72],"already":[73],"on":[74],"board,":[75],"locations":[78],"individuals":[82],"who":[83],"have":[84],"requested":[85],"shuttle":[86],"services,":[87],"remaining":[90],"capacity":[91],"shuttle.":[94],"has":[97],"been":[98],"developed":[99],"combine":[101],"genetic":[102],"algorithms":[103],"reinforcement":[105],"learning.":[106],"performance":[108],"evaluation":[109],"was":[110],"conducted":[111],"using":[112],"a":[113],"simulation":[114,127,155],"model":[115],"emulates":[117],"KNUT\u2019s":[118],"campus":[119],"adjoining":[122],"local":[123],"community":[124],"area.":[125],"results":[128],"show":[129],"significant":[130],"improvements":[131],"two":[133],"key":[134],"metrics,":[135],"specifically":[136],"\u2019Request":[138,143],"Pick-up":[140],"Time\u2019":[141,146],"Drop-off":[145],"during":[147],"high-demand":[148],"periods":[149],"over":[150],"single-shuttle":[152],"operation.":[153],"Additional":[154],"test":[156],"random":[158],"requests":[160],"stochastic":[162],"passenger":[163],"walking":[164],"distances":[165],"showed":[166],"potential":[168],"adaptability":[169],"across":[170],"different":[171],"settings.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
