{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391791499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3365712","title":"SGANFuzz: A Deep Learning-Based MQTT Fuzzing Method Using Generative Adversarial Networks","display_name":"SGANFuzz: A Deep Learning-Based MQTT Fuzzing Method Using Generative Adversarial Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391791499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3365712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3365712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3365712","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10433531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10433531.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015623062","display_name":"Zhiqiang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6820-6019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6820-6019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019788221","display_name":"Xijia Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-6569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xijia Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-6569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048197982","display_name":"Xinghua Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-0024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinghua Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014102139","display_name":"Zongtang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-724X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongtang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007959870","display_name":"Xu Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-1076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0547,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91983025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"27210","last_page":"27224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.9901365041732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.9686185121536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8723176717758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-queue","display_name":"Message queue","score":0.7328305244445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5853074193000793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5613132119178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.4513288736343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.44237324595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43103867769241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.22022762894630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.16420066356658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.15751197934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09548485279083252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.9901365041732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.9686185121536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8723176717758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26324664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065525","display_name":"Message queue","level":2,"score":0.7328305244445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5853074193000793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5613132119178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.4513288736343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44237324595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43103867769241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.22022762894630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.16420066356658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.15751197934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09548485279083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3365712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3365712","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10433531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10188977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10188977/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10188977/1/Wei_A%20Deep%20Learning-Based%20MQTT%20Fuzzing%20Method%20Using%20Generative%20Adversarial%20Networks_VoR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Access , 12    pp. 27210-27224.   (2024)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a417db44e0f4b02bc5c7c5debe2e495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a417db44e0f4b02bc5c7c5debe2e495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 27210-27224 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3365712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3365712","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10433531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391791499.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391791499.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33506368","https://openalex.org/W1819832688","https://openalex.org/W2080806155","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2265846598","https://openalex.org/W2501419818","https://openalex.org/W2535617737","https://openalex.org/W2598991778","https://openalex.org/W2617557114","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2767634461","https://openalex.org/W2794081682","https://openalex.org/W2794995252","https://openalex.org/W2798388185","https://openalex.org/W2883395840","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2950911860","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963608065","https://openalex.org/W2963878748","https://openalex.org/W2964268978","https://openalex.org/W2981052417","https://openalex.org/W2991389607","https://openalex.org/W3002469388","https://openalex.org/W3047947484","https://openalex.org/W3163300396","https://openalex.org/W3204695932","https://openalex.org/W3211452975","https://openalex.org/W3216596187","https://openalex.org/W4205773758","https://openalex.org/W4210572122","https://openalex.org/W4226418765","https://openalex.org/W4283205833","https://openalex.org/W4288108708","https://openalex.org/W4312927984","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4390874271","https://openalex.org/W4390905713","https://openalex.org/W6683204974","https://openalex.org/W6735061257","https://openalex.org/W6738090124","https://openalex.org/W6745908518","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761068460","https://openalex.org/W6767707592","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3045756776","https://openalex.org/W2808909086","https://openalex.org/W3171371974","https://openalex.org/W2594893198","https://openalex.org/W2920851310","https://openalex.org/W2782567402","https://openalex.org/W3191127435","https://openalex.org/W4392109326","https://openalex.org/W4214846370","https://openalex.org/W4283205833"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,8,54,120,129,142],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,10,86,136],"Things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"industry":[6],"grows,":[7],"risk":[9],"network":[11,149],"protocol":[12,19,98],"security":[13,27,55],"threats":[14],"has":[15,21,49,107,125,140],"also":[16],"increased.":[17],"One":[18],"that":[20],"come":[22],"under":[23],"scrutiny":[24],"for":[25,70],"its":[26],"vulnerabilities":[28,111],"is":[29,36,59],"MQTT":[30,88,152],"(Message":[31],"Queuing":[32],"Telemetry":[33],"Transport),":[34],"which":[35],"widely":[37],"used.":[38],"To":[39,81],"address":[40],"this":[41],"issue,":[42],"an":[43],"automated":[44],"execution":[45],"program":[46,58],"called":[47,100],"fuzz":[48],"been":[50],"developed":[51],"to":[52,119,127],"verify":[53],"ofMQTTbrokers.":[56],"This":[57],"provided":[60],"with":[61],"various":[62],"random":[63],"and":[64,68,139],"unexpected":[65],"input":[66],"data":[67],"monitored":[69],"different":[71],"responses,":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74],"acknowledgments,":[75],"crashes,":[76],"failures,":[77],"or":[78],"memory":[79],"leaks.":[80],"generate":[82],"a":[83,93],"significant":[84],"number":[85],"realistic":[87],"protocols,":[89],"we":[90],"have":[91],"proposed":[92],"Generative":[94],"Adversarial":[95],"Networks":[96],"(GAN)-based":[97],"fuzzer":[99],"SGANFuzz.":[101],"Our":[102],"experimental":[103],"results":[104],"showthat":[105],"SGANFuzz":[106,124],"successfully":[108],"detected":[109],"6":[110],"among":[112],"7MQTTimplementations,":[113],"including":[114],"3":[115],"CVE":[116],"bugs.":[117],"Compared":[118],"state-of-the-art":[121],"fuzzing":[122,132],"tools,":[123],"proven":[126],"be":[128],"most":[130],"efficient":[131],"tool":[133],"in":[134],"terms":[135],"vulnerability":[137],"detection":[138],"expanded":[141],"feedback":[143],"coverage":[144],"by":[145],"receiving":[146],"more":[147],"unique":[148],"responses":[150],"from":[151],"brokers.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}