{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391661573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3363889","title":"Realtime Feature Engineering for Anomaly Detection in IoT Based MQTT Networks","display_name":"Realtime Feature Engineering for Anomaly Detection in IoT Based MQTT Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391661573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3363889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3363889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3363889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10427997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10427997.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077418828","display_name":"\uc784\ub780","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34476706","display_name":"DHA Suffa University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fyxr563","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34476706"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","Department of Computer Science, DHA Suffa University (DSU), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, DHA Suffa University (DSU), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34476706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066440569","display_name":"Megat F. Zuhairi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4418-8562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megat F. Zuhairi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4418-8562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082896029","display_name":"Syed Mubashir Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-7381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23805111","display_name":"Mohammad Ali Jinnah University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xx4jg88","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Mubashir Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computing, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-7381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computing, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079375091","display_name":"Zeeshan Shahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8879-3719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193670377","display_name":"University of Karachi","ror":"https://ror.org/05bbbc791","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193670377"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Shahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Practices and Sciences, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan","Electrical Engineering Departmental, Faculty of Engineering Practices and sciences, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Practices and Sciences, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193670377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Departmental, Faculty of Engineering Practices and sciences, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080030634","display_name":"Muhammad Mansoor Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-7140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195024194","display_name":"Riphah International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdm5630","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["AU","MY","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mansoor Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia","Faculty of Computing, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan","Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-7140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078925693","display_name":"Mazliham Mohd Su\u2019ud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9975-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mazliham Mohd Su\u2019ud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9975-4483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.3129,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94672802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"25700","last_page":"25718"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.8556888103485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7685289978981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7643150687217712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6048797369003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5765699148178101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.457236111164093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2943781912326813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23855730891227722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.8556888103485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7685289978981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7643150687217712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6048797369003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5765699148178101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.457236111164093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2943781912326813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23855730891227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3363889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3363889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10427997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:12297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b206930c1c8d47d397a4c4f6d43c0999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b206930c1c8d47d397a4c4f6d43c0999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 25700-25718 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3363889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3363889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10427997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391661573.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391661573.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36433003","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1972012147","https://openalex.org/W1981976602","https://openalex.org/W2038819732","https://openalex.org/W2068141066","https://openalex.org/W2090190576","https://openalex.org/W2099452399","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2122864096","https://openalex.org/W2143508752","https://openalex.org/W2214125478","https://openalex.org/W2289739461","https://openalex.org/W2771018930","https://openalex.org/W2777551158","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2952589828","https://openalex.org/W2987035095","https://openalex.org/W3006704755","https://openalex.org/W3017142950","https://openalex.org/W3043486047","https://openalex.org/W3077684344","https://openalex.org/W3082748375","https://openalex.org/W3098620325","https://openalex.org/W3121972055","https://openalex.org/W3126720980","https://openalex.org/W3178297575","https://openalex.org/W3207891930","https://openalex.org/W4200152289","https://openalex.org/W4210367807","https://openalex.org/W4281689464","https://openalex.org/W4310537920","https://openalex.org/W4362672268","https://openalex.org/W4384407578","https://openalex.org/W6601451515","https://openalex.org/W6678321677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769489861","https://openalex.org/W2802923594","https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W2912112202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,41,62,180,321],"MQTTset":[1,234],"dataset":[2,235,325],"has":[3],"become":[4],"a":[5,52,72,106,147,165,305,327,333],"focal":[6],"point":[7],"in":[8,75,114,232,239,271,289,387,402],"the":[9,47,84,87,90,111,118,121,155,158,162,186,221,226,233,272,296,351,358,363,395],"realm":[10],"of":[11,49,58,89,110,124,133,157,168,228,314,343],"anomaly":[12,22,78,151,237,267,400],"detection":[13,23,238,268,401],"within":[14],"IoT-based":[15,240,290,403],"systems.":[16,241,291,404],"This":[17,101,213,266,382],"study":[18,85,163],"involves":[19],"into":[20,220],"refining":[21],"techniques":[24,68,245],"by":[25],"employing":[26],"various":[27],"filtering":[28],"methods,":[29],"such":[30,246],"as":[31,247],"data":[32],"conversion,":[33],"attribute":[34,92],"filtering,":[35],"handling":[36],"missing":[37],"values,":[38],"and":[39,126,173,177,206,210,250,262,282,287,304,311,317,337,340,346,362,376,390],"scaling.":[40],"primary":[42],"objective":[43],"is":[44,137,185,275],"to":[45,104,139,150,217,255,277,360,366,373,379],"enhance":[46,260,283],"identification":[48],"anomalies,":[50],"with":[51,143,190,309,330],"particular":[53],"focus":[54],"on":[55,130],"detecting":[56],"Denial":[57],"Service":[59],"(DoS)":[60],"attacks.":[61],"research":[63,119,383],"not":[64],"only":[65],"examines":[66],"existing":[67],"but":[69],"also":[70],"addresses":[71],"significant":[73],"gap":[74],"MQTT":[76,115],"traffic":[77],"detection.":[79],"To":[80,153],"fill":[81],"this":[82],"void,":[83],"proposes":[86],"integration":[88],"\u2019source\u2019":[91],"extracted":[93],"from":[94],"PCAP":[95],"files,":[96],"leveraging":[97],"hand-crafted":[98,229],"feature":[99,160,230,388],"engineering.":[100],"addition":[102],"aims":[103,216],"provide":[105,218,278],"more":[107],"comprehensive":[108,214],"understanding":[109],"anomalies":[112,128],"present":[113],"traffic.":[116],"Moreover,":[117,350],"undertakes":[120],"crucial":[122],"task":[123],"categorizing":[125],"prioritizing":[127],"based":[129],"their":[131],"frequency":[132],"occurrence.":[134],"Special":[135],"attention":[136],"given":[138],"discerning":[140],"patterns":[141],"associated":[142],"DoS":[144],"attacks,":[145],"offering":[146],"nuanced":[148],"approach":[149,398],"identification.":[152],"evaluate":[154],"efficacy":[156],"proposed":[159,273],"engineering,":[161],"conducts":[164],"comparative":[166],"analysis":[167],"prediction":[169],"accuracy,":[170,261,332],"F1":[171,307,335,364],"score,":[172,336],"computational":[174,264],"metrics":[175],"(training":[176],"testing":[178,312,341,377],"time).":[179],"benchmark":[181,297],"algorithm":[182],"under":[183],"scrutiny":[184],"decision":[187],"tree,":[188],"along":[189],"its":[191],"eight":[192],"variant":[193],"models,":[194],"namely":[195],"Iterative":[196],"Dichotomiser":[197],"(ID3),":[198],"C4.5,":[199],"Random":[200],"Forest,":[201],"CatBoost,":[202],"LightGBM,":[203],"XGBoost,":[204],"Classification":[205],"Regression":[207],"Tree":[208,299,354],"(CART),":[209],"Gradient":[211],"Boosting.":[212],"evaluation":[215],"insights":[219,386],"performance":[222],"enhancements":[223],"achieved":[224,301],"through":[225],"incorporation":[227],"engineering":[231,389],"for":[236,393,399],"Also,":[242],"hyperparameter":[243],"fine-tuning":[244],"grid":[248],"search":[249,252],"random":[251],"are":[253],"employed":[254],"further":[256,356],"refine":[257],"model":[258,300],"performance,":[259],"reduce":[263],"costs.":[265],"technique":[269],"used":[270],"method":[274],"able":[276],"early":[279],"threat":[280],"warnings":[281],"overall":[284],"system":[285],"security":[286],"reliability":[288],"Experiment":[292],"results":[293],"show":[294],"that":[295],"Decision":[298,353],"92.57%":[302],"accuracy":[303,359],"92.38%":[306],"score":[308,365],"training":[310,339,371],"times":[313,342],"2.95":[315],"seconds":[316,345,375],"0.86":[318],"seconds,":[319,348],"respectively.":[320,349],"Feature":[322],"Engineering":[323],"(Modified)":[324],"yielded":[326],"remarkable":[328],"improvement,":[329],"98.56%":[331],"98.50%":[334],"comparable":[338],"0.70":[344],"0.02":[347],"Modified":[352],"Algorithm":[355],"improved":[357],"99.27%":[361],"99.26%,":[367],"while":[368],"significantly":[369],"reducing":[370],"time":[372,378],"0.73":[374],"0.14":[380],"seconds.":[381],"provides":[384],"valuable":[385],"offers":[391],"guidance":[392],"selecting":[394],"most":[396],"effective":[397]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2024-02-09T00:00:00"}