{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391467361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3361752","title":"Securing Smart Grid Data With Blockchain and Wireless Sensor Networks: A Collaborative Approach","display_name":"Securing Smart Grid Data With Blockchain and Wireless Sensor Networks: A Collaborative Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391467361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3361752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3361752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3361752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10419089.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10419089.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084158339","display_name":"Saleh Almasabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4653-190X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Almasabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4653-190X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022772499","display_name":"Ahmad Shaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0633-5587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Shaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0633-5587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030939801","display_name":"Tariq Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-0519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785826","display_name":"Maryam Zafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2329-0082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002753099","display_name":"Muhammad Irfan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Irfan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-6875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069986608","display_name":"Turki Alsuwian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9579-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Turki Alsuwian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9579-9115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":35.1661,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99782416,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"19181","last_page":"19198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9221944808959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7736208438873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6427645087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.555539071559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5141711235046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4410640001296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.41737931966781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32788264751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19205111265182495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9221944808959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7736208438873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6427645087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.555539071559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5141711235046387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4410640001296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.41737931966781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32788264751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19205111265182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3361752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3361752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10419089.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8918c1c2fbf74b7e83f442b99ca3b1c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8918c1c2fbf74b7e83f442b99ca3b1c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 19181-19198 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3361752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3361752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10419089.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G21241958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NU/DRP/SERC/12/8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323502","funder_display_name":"Najran University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323502","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391467361.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391467361.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044392999","https://openalex.org/W2051301990","https://openalex.org/W2107609298","https://openalex.org/W2108756230","https://openalex.org/W2344383225","https://openalex.org/W2531756634","https://openalex.org/W2561790816","https://openalex.org/W2610982683","https://openalex.org/W2789829526","https://openalex.org/W2797391310","https://openalex.org/W2889424716","https://openalex.org/W2902699959","https://openalex.org/W2921750014","https://openalex.org/W2941500089","https://openalex.org/W2995851867","https://openalex.org/W3007398647","https://openalex.org/W3017165746","https://openalex.org/W3035716901","https://openalex.org/W3036700726","https://openalex.org/W3080847572","https://openalex.org/W3136107660","https://openalex.org/W3138776401","https://openalex.org/W3193641940","https://openalex.org/W3197113380","https://openalex.org/W3214182790","https://openalex.org/W4214667959","https://openalex.org/W4224239150","https://openalex.org/W4293176456","https://openalex.org/W4304587309","https://openalex.org/W4321191121","https://openalex.org/W4366217780","https://openalex.org/W4366415372","https://openalex.org/W4384835155","https://openalex.org/W6761095020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2799059781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,9,39,52,67,100,113,151,171,208],"grid":[4,23,73,86,232],"modernization":[5],"and":[6,35,83,118,131,162,211],"the":[7,33,65,106,110,138,169,187,206,225],"proliferation":[8],"smart":[10,72,85,231],"grids":[11],"have":[12],"engendered":[13],"a":[14,78,98],"critical":[15],"need":[16],"for":[17],"cyber-physical":[18,62],"security.":[19],"Recent":[20],"cyber-attacks":[21],"targeting":[22],"infrastructure,":[24],"notably":[25],"leading":[26],"to":[27,81,136,185,220,224],"substantial":[28],"blackouts":[29],"in":[30,71,141,174,189],"Ukraine,":[31],"underscore":[32],"vulnerabilities":[34,140],"potentially":[36],"catastrophic":[37],"consequences":[38],"such":[40,49],"incursions.":[41],"These":[42],"attacks,":[43],"whether":[44],"stemming":[45],"from":[46],"cyber":[47,180],"threats":[48],"as":[50],"Denial":[51],"Service":[53],"(DOS),":[54],"False":[55],"Data":[56,119],"Injection":[57],"Attacks":[58],"(FDIA),":[59],"or":[60],"complex":[61],"manipulations,":[63],"emphasize":[64],"imperative":[66],"robust":[68,222],"cybersecurity":[69,191,227],"protocols":[70],"operations.":[74],"This":[75,182],"research":[76,183],"investigates":[77],"pivotal":[79],"approach":[80],"fortify":[82],"safeguard":[84],"systems":[87],"by":[88,193,230],"integrating":[89],"blockchain":[90,172,195],"technology":[91,196],"with":[92,197],"wireless":[93,198],"sensor":[94,199],"nodes.":[95,200],"By":[96,201],"leveraging":[97],"Proof":[99],"Authority":[101],"(PoA)":[102],"Ethereum":[103],"Blockchain":[104,114],"framework,":[105],"study":[107,146,218],"delves":[108],"into":[109,168],"transformative":[111],"capabilities":[112],"within":[115,214],"Supervisory":[116],"Control":[117],"Acquisition":[120],"(SCADA)":[121],"networks.":[122],"Specifically,":[123],"it":[124],"examines":[125],"configurations":[126],"across":[127],"IEEE":[128],"14-bus,":[129],"30-bus,":[130],"118-bus":[132],"topologies.":[133],"In":[134],"addition":[135],"elucidating":[137],"inherent":[139],"traditional":[142],"SCADA":[143,176,215],"systems,":[144],"this":[145,217],"meticulously":[147],"evaluates":[148],"an":[149],"array":[150],"performance":[152],"matrices.":[153],"Statistical":[154],"analyses":[155],"encompassing":[156],"mean,":[157],"standard":[158],"deviation,":[159],"skewness,":[160],"kurtosis,":[161],"confidence":[163],"levels":[164],"provide":[165],"nuanced":[166],"insights":[167],"efficacy":[170],"mechanisms":[173],"enhancing":[175],"resilience":[177],"against":[178],"contemporary":[179],"threats.":[181],"endeavors":[184],"bridge":[186],"gap":[188],"modern":[190],"paradigms":[192],"fusing":[194],"fortifying":[202],"data":[203,209],"integrity,":[204],"elevating":[205],"reliability":[207],"transmission,":[210],"augmenting":[212],"trustworthiness":[213],"infrastructures,":[216],"aims":[219],"present":[221],"solutions":[223],"escalating":[226],"challenges":[228],"faced":[229],"systems.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}