{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391341773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359689","title":"Effectiveness of Pre-Trained CNN Networks for Detecting Abnormal Activities in Online Exams","display_name":"Effectiveness of Pre-Trained CNN Networks for Detecting Abnormal Activities in Online Exams","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391341773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359689"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359689","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359689","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416868.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416868.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059496118","display_name":"Muhammad Ramzan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ramzan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010064223","display_name":"Adnan Abid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Abid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181","https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012666416","display_name":"Muhammad Bilal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9827-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84339108","display_name":"Sunway University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mjt7f73","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84339108"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Bilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84339108"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008802727","display_name":"Khalid Mahmood Aamir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6852-7031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid M. Aamir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435","https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072292929","display_name":"Sufyan Ali Memon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sufyan A. Memon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Defense System Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Defense System Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044985062","display_name":"Tae\u2010Sun Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5992-1136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tae-Sun Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea","Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon-Si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon-Si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059496118"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435","https://openalex.org/I87482320"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.7328,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95355093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"21503","last_page":"21519"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13161","display_name":"Ideological and Political Education","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13693","display_name":"Smart Systems and Machine Learning","score":0.8450999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7608665823936462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46005508303642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3267974257469177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7608665823936462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46005508303642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3267974257469177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359689","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359689","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416868.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5c8169b34bd414a81bcd1f55d97247a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f5c8169b34bd414a81bcd1f55d97247a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 21503-21519 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359689","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359689","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416868.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1162549755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK21 FOUR program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739134435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2526985016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF5199991014091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G30685149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK21 FOUR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3392754088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-02051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4105053546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF5199991014091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4118436567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5025237386","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5562307789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK21 FOUR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8286950219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391341773.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391341773.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554365104","https://openalex.org/W2003061927","https://openalex.org/W2273188195","https://openalex.org/W2543035911","https://openalex.org/W2550355518","https://openalex.org/W2570721454","https://openalex.org/W2900785440","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3005996595","https://openalex.org/W3081018458","https://openalex.org/W3091616849","https://openalex.org/W3122241291","https://openalex.org/W3133625391","https://openalex.org/W3197496197","https://openalex.org/W3211254352","https://openalex.org/W3216964808","https://openalex.org/W4200294590","https://openalex.org/W4206577249","https://openalex.org/W4206744538","https://openalex.org/W4210754717","https://openalex.org/W4213433011","https://openalex.org/W4220695000","https://openalex.org/W4224290522","https://openalex.org/W4225005369","https://openalex.org/W4255920120","https://openalex.org/W4281783844","https://openalex.org/W4285241021","https://openalex.org/W4287370237","https://openalex.org/W4322767330","https://openalex.org/W4366773002","https://openalex.org/W4378588445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"exams":[1,24,50,91],"are":[2,13,25],"growing":[3],"increasingly":[4],"popular":[5,45],"in":[6,116,131,144,158],"organizations":[7],"and":[8,16,46,63,111,138,146,224,230,250],"educational":[9],"institutes":[10],"because":[11],"they":[12],"more":[14,44],"flexible":[15],"cost-effective":[17],"than":[18],"conventional":[19],"paper-based":[20],"exams.":[21],"When":[22,234],"face-to-face":[23],"not":[26],"possible,":[27],"such":[28,54,120],"as":[29,55,121],"during":[30],"floods,":[31],"unexpected":[32],"situations,":[33],"or":[34,129],"pandemics":[35],"like":[36],"COVID-19,":[37],"this":[38],"exam":[39,142,195],"mod":[40],"has":[41],"become":[42],"even":[43],"important.":[47],"However,":[48],"online":[49,90,122,141,148,160],"may":[51],"have":[52],"difficulties,":[53],"the":[56,64,77,89,97,109,140,151,159,193,240],"need":[57],"for":[58,88,253],"a":[59,82,208,218],"reliable":[60],"internet":[61],"connection":[62],"possibility":[65],"of":[66,104,113,200,221],"cheating.":[67,105,201],"Because":[68],"there":[69],"is":[70,81],"no":[71],"human":[72,213],"supervisor":[73],"present":[74],"to":[75,124,196],"monitor":[76],"exam,":[78],"so":[79],"cheating":[80,128,155,222],"major":[83],"concern.":[84],"The":[85,162],"environment":[86],"employed":[87],"ensures":[92],"that":[93,191],"every":[94],"student":[95],"finalizes":[96],"evaluation":[98],"process":[99],"without":[100],"using":[101,167,236],"any":[102],"type":[103],"This":[106,184,202,215],"study":[107,163,185],"investigates":[108],"detection":[110],"recognition":[112],"unusual":[114,255],"behavior":[115],"an":[117],"academic":[118],"setting,":[119],"exams,":[123,149],"prevent":[125],"students":[126],"from":[127,207],"engaging":[130],"unethical":[132],"behavior.":[133],"After":[134],"consulting":[135],"with":[136,178,228],"experts":[137],"reviewing":[139],"held":[143],"Covid-19":[145],"other":[147,248],"selected":[150],"four":[152,198],"most":[153],"common":[154],"activities":[156],"found":[157],"exam.":[161],"extracts":[164,204],"key":[165,205],"frames":[166,206],"motion-based":[168],"frame":[169],"extraction":[170],"techniques":[171,177],"before":[172],"employing":[173],"advanced":[174],"deep":[175,188],"learning":[176],"various":[179],"convolutional":[180],"neural":[181],"network":[182],"configurations.":[183],"presents":[186],"several":[187],"learning-based":[189],"models":[190],"analyze":[192],"video":[194,209],"classify":[197],"categories":[199],"method":[203],"sequence/stream":[210],"based":[211],"on":[212],"motion.":[214],"research":[216],"developed":[217],"real":[219],"dataset":[220],"behaviors":[223],"conducted":[225],"comprehensive":[226],"experiments":[227],"pre-trained":[229,249],"suggested":[231],"deep-learning":[232],"models.":[233],"evaluated":[235],"standard":[237],"performance":[238],"criteria,":[239],"You":[241],"Only":[242],"Look":[243],"Once":[244],"(YOLO)v5":[245],"model":[246],"outperforms":[247],"fine-tuned":[251],"approaches":[252],"detecting":[254],"activity.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
