{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391341423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359639","title":"Enhancing EfficientNet-YOLOv4 for Integrated Circuit Detection on Printed Circuit Board (PCB)","display_name":"Enhancing EfficientNet-YOLOv4 for Integrated Circuit Detection on Printed Circuit Board (PCB)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391341423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359639","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416864.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416864.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093818428","display_name":"Shiek Chi Tay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1211-5035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tay Shiek Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047356540","display_name":"Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3549-6443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073889249","display_name":"Ahmad Sufril Azlan Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2838-0872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Sufril Azlan Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085944663","display_name":"Mohd Halim Mohd Noor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-3270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Halim Mohd Noor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093818429","display_name":"Khaw Beng Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140655","display_name":"Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/04kpqhb39","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140655"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaw Beng Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia","SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Plot 301A Persiaran Cassia Selatan 1, Taman Perindustrian Batu Kawan, MK 13 Batu Kawan Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140655"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Plot 301A Persiaran Cassia Selatan 1, Taman Perindustrian Batu Kawan, MK 13 Batu Kawan Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093818430","display_name":"Lim Lay Chuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140655","display_name":"Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/04kpqhb39","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140655"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lim Lay Chuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia","SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Plot 301A Persiaran Cassia Selatan 1, Taman Perindustrian Batu Kawan, MK 13 Batu Kawan Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140655"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SanDisk Storage Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Plot 301A Persiaran Cassia Selatan 1, Taman Perindustrian Batu Kawan, MK 13 Batu Kawan Seberang Perai Selatan, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140655"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093818431","display_name":"Wei Jie Brigitte Liau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2832-0618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liau Wei Jie Brigitte","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093818428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.7516,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95896275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"25066","last_page":"25078"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9588000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8104268908500671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7485065460205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-circuit-board","display_name":"Printed circuit board","score":0.6908410787582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5478295683860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5358423590660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5189378261566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46255746483802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32688239216804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32449227571487427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8104268908500671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7485065460205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.6908410787582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5478295683860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5358423590660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5189378261566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46255746483802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32688239216804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32449227571487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359639","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416864.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d611591617664ec58d3e9420500eaafb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d611591617664ec58d3e9420500eaafb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 25066-25078 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359639","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10416864.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4844854620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project P08C1-20 ?Image Data Analytics for Indus","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317041","funder_display_name":"Collaborative Research in Engineering, Science and Technology Centre"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317041","display_name":"Collaborative Research in Engineering, Science and Technology Centre","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391341423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391341423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597628491","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2932306369","https://openalex.org/W2956416874","https://openalex.org/W2958854846","https://openalex.org/W2962727943","https://openalex.org/W2963253967","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2971587923","https://openalex.org/W2972006294","https://openalex.org/W2982043611","https://openalex.org/W2997116767","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3001083904","https://openalex.org/W3008438817","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3023646581","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3126281026","https://openalex.org/W3132525751","https://openalex.org/W3133799615","https://openalex.org/W3134754127","https://openalex.org/W3135470417","https://openalex.org/W3135799552","https://openalex.org/W3137421590","https://openalex.org/W3137498650","https://openalex.org/W3162247739","https://openalex.org/W3179950556","https://openalex.org/W3181035049","https://openalex.org/W3194790201","https://openalex.org/W3202287565","https://openalex.org/W3204713564","https://openalex.org/W3208829545","https://openalex.org/W3209247633","https://openalex.org/W3214406712","https://openalex.org/W3215424225","https://openalex.org/W4205971908","https://openalex.org/W4281790833","https://openalex.org/W4366256918","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6777126450","https://openalex.org/W6793164127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252608911","https://openalex.org/W2184913151","https://openalex.org/W2389426768","https://openalex.org/W3147987719","https://openalex.org/W2599361292","https://openalex.org/W2698654916","https://openalex.org/W2907188494","https://openalex.org/W3163908127","https://openalex.org/W2013997577","https://openalex.org/W1996690921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"printed":[1],"circuit":[2],"board":[3,33],"(PCB)":[4],"quality":[5],"and":[6,31,86,93,128,137,173],"functionality":[7],"during":[8],"manufacturing":[9,181],"demands":[10],"precise":[11,65],"automated":[12],"visual":[13],"inspection.":[14],"Detecting":[15],"integrated":[16],"circuits":[17],"(ICs)":[18],"on":[19,55],"PCBs":[20],"poses":[21],"a":[22,145],"significant":[23],"challenge":[24,43],"due":[25],"to":[26,75,126],"diverse":[27,71],"component":[28,187],"sizes,":[29],"types,":[30],"intricate":[32],"markings,":[34],"complicating":[35],"accurate":[36],"object":[37,66,161,174],"detection.":[38,162],"This":[39],"study":[40],"addresses":[41],"this":[42,168],"by":[44],"proposing":[45],"an":[46,107,113,133,138],"enhanced":[47],"EfficientNet-YOLOv4":[48],"algorithm":[49,169],"tailored":[50],"explicitly":[51],"for":[52,185],"IC":[53,165],"detection":[54,166,175],"PCBs.":[56],"Integrating":[57],"EfficientNet\u2019s":[58],"robust":[59],"feature":[60,157],"extraction":[61,158],"capabilities":[62],"with":[63,112],"YOLOv4\u2019s":[64],"localization,":[67],"the":[68,77,83,153],"methodology":[69],"employs":[70],"data":[72],"augmentation":[73],"techniques":[74],"enrich":[76],"training":[78],"dataset.":[79],"Extensive":[80],"experiments":[81],"showcase":[82],"algorithm\u2019s":[84],"efficacy":[85],"robustness":[87],"in":[88,160,179],"handling":[89],"complex":[90],"PCB":[91,99],"layouts":[92],"varying":[94],"lighting":[95],"conditions,":[96],"outperforming":[97],"existing":[98],"inspection":[100],"models.":[101],"The":[102,119],"proposed":[103,120],"method,":[104],"EfficientNetv2-L-YOLOv4,":[105],"achieves":[106],"impressive":[108],"F1-score":[109,134],"of":[110,116,135,141,148,155],"99.22":[111],"inference":[114,139],"speed":[115,140],"0.135":[117],"seconds.":[118],"method":[121],"also":[122],"performed":[123],"well":[124],"compared":[125],"EfficientNet-B7-FasterRCNN":[127],"original":[129],"YOLOv4;":[130],"it":[131],"attains":[132],"98.96":[136],"0.102":[142],"seconds":[143],"(with":[144],"batch":[146],"size":[147],"4).":[149],"These":[150],"results":[151],"underscore":[152],"significance":[154],"effective":[156],"networks":[159],"Beyond":[163],"addressing":[164],"challenges,":[167],"advances":[170],"computer":[171],"vision":[172],"fields.":[176],"Implementing":[177],"EfficientNetv2-L-YOLOv4":[178],"real":[180],"scenarios":[182],"holds":[183],"promise":[184],"automating":[186],"inspection,":[188],"potentially":[189],"eliminating":[190],"human":[191],"intervention.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}