{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391305564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359244","title":"Facial Paralysis Symptom Detection Based on Facial Action Unit","display_name":"Facial Paralysis Symptom Detection Based on Facial Action Unit","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391305564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359244","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074486755","display_name":"Hequn Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1422-9316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hequn Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1422-9316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002960212","display_name":"Jipeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-8425"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jipeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088894518","display_name":"Xuhui Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6259-8987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhui Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6259-8987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101447174","display_name":"Xiangtao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9364-3855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangtao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9364-3855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029922320","display_name":"Yinhua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8424-1183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinhua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8424-1183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074486755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0014,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74478131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"52400","last_page":"52413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12301","display_name":"Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12301","display_name":"Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10852","display_name":"Temporomandibular Joint Disorders","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3603","display_name":"Complementary and Manual Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-paralysis","display_name":"Facial paralysis","score":0.6574409008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6310588717460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5122946500778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.46414247155189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4268845021724701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.41625940799713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3942376375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3821043074131012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18183445930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14425665140151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.06505995988845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.05857992172241211}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781019609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7562539","display_name":"Facial paralysis","level":2,"score":0.6574409008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6310588717460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5122946500778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.46414247155189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4268845021724701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.41625940799713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3942376375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3821043074131012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18183445930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14425665140151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.06505995988845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05857992172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fba95ebf88de43a9a91c982fd49d90eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fba95ebf88de43a9a91c982fd49d90eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 52400-52413 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3359244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4760286927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1313600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W611386996","https://openalex.org/W2371343292","https://openalex.org/W629290331","https://openalex.org/W617685022","https://openalex.org/W1509983653","https://openalex.org/W3215563689","https://openalex.org/W610590827","https://openalex.org/W591599671","https://openalex.org/W1556748146","https://openalex.org/W1990796017"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"paralysis":[1,34,68,87,152,200,257],"refers":[2],"to":[3,43,58,73,124,162,174,197,212],"the":[4,15,45,59,64,99,121,126,131,136,164,224,242],"abnormal":[5],"behavior":[6],"of":[7,14,47,61,66,70,101,128,188],"facial":[8,16,21,33,48,62,67,86,93,151,167,199,220,256],"muscles":[9],"caused":[10],"by":[11],"a":[12,85,105,144,186,198,245],"disorder":[13],"nerve,":[17],"mainly":[18],"manifested":[19],"as":[20],"asymmetry.":[22],"In":[23],"recent":[24],"years,":[25],"deep":[26],"learning":[27],"has":[28],"found":[29],"extensive":[30],"applications":[31],"in":[32,143,166,207,223,255],"detection":[35,89,247],"research.":[36],"However,":[37],"most":[38],"existing":[39,213],"methods":[40],"are":[41,69,234],"constrained":[42],"assessing":[44],"severity":[46,60],"paralysis,":[49,63],"thereby":[50],"concealing":[51],"crucial":[52],"symptoms":[53,65,153],"within":[54,120],"black-box":[55],"models.":[56],"Compared":[57],"greater":[71],"significance":[72],"both":[74],"physicians":[75],"and":[76,170,227,237],"patients.":[77],"To":[78,97,240],"address":[79],"this":[80,82],"issue,":[81],"paper":[83],"proposes":[84],"symptom":[88],"model":[90,148,157,233],"based":[91],"on":[92,185],"action":[94],"units":[95],"(AUs).":[96],"enhance":[98],"accuracy":[100,127,206],"AU":[102,138,209],"intensity":[103,139,210],"prediction,":[104],"novel":[106],"Difference":[107],"Ensemble":[108],"Method":[109],"(DEM)":[110],"is":[111,154,178,182,249],"introduced.":[112],"This":[113,156],"method":[114],"leverages":[115],"differential":[116],"information":[117],"between":[118],"frames":[119],"same":[122],"video":[123],"improve":[125],"predictions":[129],"for":[130,141,149,218],"current":[132],"frame.":[133],"Building":[134],"upon":[135],"predicted":[137],"sequences":[140],"keyframes":[142],"video,":[145],"an":[146,159],"interpretable":[147],"detecting":[150,219],"designed.":[155],"employs":[158],"active":[160],"means":[161],"describe":[163],"asymmetry":[165],"muscle":[168,221],"strength":[169],"utilizes":[171],"co-occurrence":[172],"matrices":[173],"detect":[175],"synkinesis.":[176],"It":[177],"noteworthy":[179],"that":[180],"DEM":[181,203],"exclusively":[183],"trained":[184],"dataset":[187],"normal":[189],"faces":[190],"but":[191],"exhibits":[192,204],"excellent":[193],"performance":[194],"when":[195],"transferred":[196],"dataset.":[201],"Additionally,":[202],"higher":[205],"predicting":[208],"compared":[211],"methods.":[214],"The":[215],"F1":[216],"scores":[217],"function":[222],"eyebrow,":[225],"eye,":[226],"mouth":[228],"regions":[229],"with":[230],"our":[231],"proposed":[232],"80.0%,":[235],"79.23%,":[236],"90.91%,":[238],"respectively.":[239],"demonstrate":[241],"model\u2019s":[243],"performance,":[244],"synkinesis":[246],"experiment":[248],"conducted,":[250],"further":[251],"validating":[252],"its":[253],"applicability":[254],"detection.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}