{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391248676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3358898","title":"Design and Experimental Study of a Coupled U and L-Shape Negative Index Metamaterial for Aircraft Navigation Applications","display_name":"Design and Experimental Study of a Coupled U and L-Shape Negative Index Metamaterial for Aircraft Navigation Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391248676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3358898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3358898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3358898","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10415015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10415015.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034491974","display_name":"M. Pallavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Pallavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-5769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382742","display_name":"Pramod Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-7187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramod Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-7187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000690812","display_name":"Tanweer Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1959-0480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanweer Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1959-0480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075179403","display_name":"B. Satish Shenoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2374-3854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satish B. Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2374-3854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006299652","display_name":"Pallavi R. Mane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-3675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pallavi R. Mane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103879275","display_name":"Ghanshyama Prabhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghanshyama Prabhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.062,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94386961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"16127","last_page":"16150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9154000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamaterial","display_name":"Metamaterial","score":0.7094824314117432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5648447275161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5559085011482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-index-metamaterials","display_name":"Negative index metamaterials","score":0.49108123779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.34412848949432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30799204111099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.24230578541755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17436206340789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08392968773841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.7094824314117432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5648447275161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5559085011482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150780120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3300028","display_name":"Negative index metamaterials","level":3,"score":0.49108123779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.34412848949432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30799204111099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.24230578541755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17436206340789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08392968773841858}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3358898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3358898","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10415015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69313d0d02be4528af8e6c949f3db532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69313d0d02be4528af8e6c949f3db532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 16127-16150 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3358898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3358898","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10415015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391248676.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391248676.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W586214848","https://openalex.org/W1964546346","https://openalex.org/W1968681683","https://openalex.org/W2002166682","https://openalex.org/W2076150142","https://openalex.org/W2088025373","https://openalex.org/W2097840245","https://openalex.org/W2111136900","https://openalex.org/W2145664580","https://openalex.org/W2152960628","https://openalex.org/W2790063280","https://openalex.org/W2802153159","https://openalex.org/W2809848985","https://openalex.org/W2895815327","https://openalex.org/W2907494254","https://openalex.org/W2970612606","https://openalex.org/W2989654841","https://openalex.org/W3002125669","https://openalex.org/W3015880906","https://openalex.org/W3038086996","https://openalex.org/W3047881308","https://openalex.org/W3048362998","https://openalex.org/W3048914030","https://openalex.org/W3087807997","https://openalex.org/W3110329718","https://openalex.org/W3119562910","https://openalex.org/W3130945404","https://openalex.org/W3169497561","https://openalex.org/W4205866191","https://openalex.org/W4229460090","https://openalex.org/W4280649734","https://openalex.org/W4281483704","https://openalex.org/W4293075716","https://openalex.org/W4295308519","https://openalex.org/W4311459277","https://openalex.org/W4313289610","https://openalex.org/W4319303094","https://openalex.org/W4327772942","https://openalex.org/W6617320368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386932413","https://openalex.org/W2380284895","https://openalex.org/W4300236908","https://openalex.org/W2950610643","https://openalex.org/W2012239385","https://openalex.org/W2417218940","https://openalex.org/W2345880953","https://openalex.org/W1982544050","https://openalex.org/W2118251877","https://openalex.org/W2087001622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,132,235,253],"aircraft":[1,26],"collision":[2],"avoidance":[3],"system":[4,9],"(ACAS)":[5],"is":[6,138,166,200,257],"a":[7,16,30,53,57,61,156,216,260,272,275],"surveillance":[8],"required":[10,232],"in":[11,175,211,230,291,317],"all":[12,193,221],"airplanes":[13],"to":[14,40,43,46,50,91,139,186,209],"ensure":[15],"safe":[17],"flight.":[18],"To":[19],"locate":[20],"the":[21,32,36,69,75,80,92,96,141,151,169,173,176,180,197,212,224,231,245,250,279,284,288,304,307,320,326],"presence":[22],"of":[23,67,83,95,135,146,153,240,249,293],"any":[24],"surrounding":[25],"that":[27],"may":[28],"pose":[29],"threat,":[31],"ACAS":[33,59,84,98,148,170,281],"sequentially":[34],"scans":[35],"fixed":[37,276],"sectors":[38],"(0\u00b0":[39],"90\u00b0,":[41],"90\u00b0":[42],"180\u00b0,":[44],"180\u00b0":[45],"270\u00b0,":[47],"and":[48,143,159,219,247,269,283,298,310,316],"270\u00b0":[49],"360\u00b0)":[51],"for":[52,192,202,220,303],"specified":[54],"duration.":[55],"As":[56],"result,":[58],"necessitates":[60],"highly":[62],"directional":[63],"multi-element":[64],"antenna":[65,149,171,286,290],"capable":[66],"spanning":[68],"whole":[70],"360\u00b0":[71,210],"azimuth":[72,178,213],"plane.":[73],"Over":[74],"past":[76],"decade,":[77],"studies":[78],"on":[79],"performance":[81],"enhancement":[82],"antennas":[85],"have":[86],"become":[87],"increasingly":[88],"prevalent":[89],"due":[90],"numerous":[93],"limitations":[94],"typical":[97],"antenna,":[99,282],"which":[100],"include":[101],"poor":[102],"gain":[103,142,295],"(<inline-formula":[104,112,121],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[105,113,122,262],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[106,114,123,263],"<tex-math":[107,115,124,264],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$3.6dB$":[108],"</tex-math></inline-formula>),":[109,117,126],"larger":[110],"size":[111],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$&gt;\\lambda$":[116],"high":[118],"side-lobe":[119],"level":[120],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$-7dB$":[125],"challenges":[127],"with":[128,215,325],"beam":[129],"tuning,":[130],"etc.":[131],"main":[133],"focus":[134],"this":[136],"study":[137],"improve":[140],"bandwidth":[144],"(BW)":[145],"an":[147],"using":[150],"notion":[152],"MTM,":[154],"hence":[155],"novel":[157],"U":[158],"L-shaped":[160],"compact":[161],"negative":[162,190],"index":[163],"MTM":[164,182,198,255,308],"structure":[165],"developed.":[167],"Because":[168],"broadcasts":[172],"signal":[174],"entire":[177],"region,":[179],"proposed":[181,225,251,254,280],"should":[183],"be":[184],"competent":[185],"endure":[187],"its":[188,311],"double":[189],"behavior":[191,229],"incident":[194,204,222],"angles;":[195],"thus,":[196],"cell":[199,256,309],"evaluated":[201],"different":[203],"angles":[205],"ranging":[206],"from":[207,278],"0\u00b0":[208],"plane":[214],"60\u00b0":[217],"offset,":[218],"angles,":[223],"design":[226],"exhibits":[227],"DNG":[228],"frequency":[233],"spectrum.":[234],"effective":[236],"medium":[237],"ratio":[238],"(EMR)":[239],"12.86":[241],"at":[242,274],"1.06GHz":[243],"demonstrates":[244],"efficacy":[246],"compactness":[248],"design.":[252],"expanded":[258],"as":[259,271],"<inline-formula":[261],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5\\times":[265],"4$":[266],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[267],"array,":[268],"placed":[270],"superstrate":[273],"distance":[277],"MTM-loaded":[285],"outperforms":[287],"conventional":[289],"terms":[292],"overall":[294],"by":[296,300],"2.09dB":[297],"BW":[299],"27.2MHz.":[301],"Further,":[302],"experimental":[305],"verification,":[306],"array":[312],"structures":[313],"are":[314],"fabricated,":[315],"both":[318],"designs,":[319],"fabricated":[321],"results":[322],"correspond":[323],"well":[324],"simulated":[327],"results.":[328]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}