{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391097255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3357145","title":"Privacy Preserving Inference for Deep Neural Networks: Optimizing Homomorphic Encryption for Efficient and Secure Classification","display_name":"Privacy Preserving Inference for Deep Neural Networks: Optimizing Homomorphic Encryption for Efficient and Secure Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391097255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3357145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3357145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3357145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10411911.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10411911.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102735354","display_name":"Aftab Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2402-4058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aftab Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2402-4058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022985909","display_name":"Fawad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-5928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fawad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-5928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063604442","display_name":"Shahzaib Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-0191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahzaib Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-0191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066232342","display_name":"Asif Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4657-4451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asif Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4657-4451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074586222","display_name":"Syed Aziz Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-1121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153682","display_name":"Intelligent Health (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/0576zak10","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","display_name":"Coventry University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgmhj36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Aziz Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K","Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-1121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153682","https://openalex.org/I73417466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153682","https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074757386","display_name":"Abdullah Baz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-6883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Baz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-6883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.2476,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97884711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"15684","last_page":"15695"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.908869743347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8666301369667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7292309999465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.683689296245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.6823755502700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6695157289505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5593690276145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5002453327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4996352195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4196869730949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39452576637268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.31757277250289917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.908869743347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8666301369667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7292309999465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.683689296245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.6823755502700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6695157289505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5593690276145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5002453327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4996352195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4196869730949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39452576637268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31757277250289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3357145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3357145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10411911.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/fb6c3378-c66a-4e8e-8cb8-e9c0b8a2dc17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/fb6c3378-c66a-4e8e-8cb8-e9c0b8a2dc17","pdf_url":"https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/81117800/Shah2024VoR_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402411","display_name":"Pure (Coventry University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","host_organization_name":"Coventry University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Akram, M A, Khan, F, Tahir, S, Iqbal, A, Shah, S A & Baz, A 2024, 'Privacy Preserving Inference for Deep Neural Networks : Optimizing Homomorphic Encryption for Efficient and Secure Classification', IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 15684-15695. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3357145","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:503e72ca482f4492baa13e4ac604e156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/503e72ca482f4492baa13e4ac604e156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 15684-15695 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3357145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3357145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10411911.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5329539079","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IFP22UQU4260426DSR203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324047","funder_display_name":"Umm Al-Qura University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324047","display_name":"Umm Al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391097255.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391097255.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127572138","https://openalex.org/W133884053","https://openalex.org/W236632755","https://openalex.org/W1826232489","https://openalex.org/W2031738616","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2130010995","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2505920944","https://openalex.org/W2519249189","https://openalex.org/W2585580772","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2768347741","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2794888826","https://openalex.org/W2889177468","https://openalex.org/W2889746123","https://openalex.org/W2957780493","https://openalex.org/W2969654776","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3108757998","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W3188430965","https://openalex.org/W3212932635","https://openalex.org/W4318478221","https://openalex.org/W4361986437","https://openalex.org/W4385737670","https://openalex.org/W4388925775","https://openalex.org/W6638658418","https://openalex.org/W6746138031","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6751853187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W2733410219","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W4388700941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"application":[1],"of":[2,27,109,130,169],"machine":[3,113],"learning":[4,114],"in":[5],"healthcare,":[6],"financial,":[7],"social":[8],"media,":[9],"and":[10,33,38,54,86,122,136],"other":[11],"sensitive":[12],"sectors":[13],"not":[14],"only":[15],"involves":[16],"high":[17],"accuracy":[18],"but":[19],"privacy":[20],"as":[21,30,164],"well.":[22],"Due":[23],"to":[24,44,52,83,93,101,149,166],"the":[25,28,76,84,95,106,128,167,170],"emergence":[26],"Cloud":[29],"a":[31,64,162],"computation":[32],"one-to-many":[34],"access":[35],"paradigm;":[36],"training":[37],"classification/inference":[39],"tasks":[40],"have":[41],"been":[42],"outsourced":[43],"Cloud.":[45],"However,":[46],"its":[47,117,151],"usage":[48],"is":[49],"limited":[50],"due":[51],"legal":[53],"ethical":[55],"constraints":[56],"regarding":[57],"privacy.":[58,98],"In":[59,99],"this":[60],"work,":[61],"we":[62,104],"propose":[63],"privacy-preserving":[65,112],"neural":[66],"networks-based":[67],"classification":[68,135],"model":[69],"based":[70],"on":[71],"Homomorphic":[72],"Encryption":[73],"(HE)":[74],"where":[75,127],"user":[77],"can":[78],"send":[79],"an":[80,88,138],"encrypted":[81,89],"instance":[82],"cloud":[85],"receive":[87],"inference":[90,159],"from":[91],"it":[92],"preserve":[94],"user\u2019s":[96],"query":[97,163],"contrast":[100],"existing":[102],"works,":[103],"demonstrate":[105,150],"realistic":[107],"limitations":[108],"HE":[110,131],"for":[111,119,141,161],"by":[115],"changing":[116],"parameters":[118,132],"enhanced":[120],"security":[121],"accuracy.":[123],"We":[124,145],"showcase":[125],"scenarios":[126],"choice":[129],"impedes":[133],"accurate":[134],"present":[137,146],"optimized":[139],"setting":[140],"achieving":[142],"reliable":[143],"classification.":[144],"several":[147],"results":[148],"effectiveness":[152],"using":[153],"MNIST":[154],"dataset":[155],"with":[156],"highly":[157],"improved":[158],"time":[160],"compared":[165],"state":[168],"art.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}