{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391092664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3356715","title":"Development and Evaluation of Artificial Neural Networks for Real-World Data-Driven Virtual Sensors in Vehicle Suspension","display_name":"Development and Evaluation of Artificial Neural Networks for Real-World Data-Driven Virtual Sensors in Vehicle Suspension","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391092664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3356715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3356715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3356715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10410856.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10410856.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001406123","display_name":"Eldar \u0160abanovi\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4724-0787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167420956","display_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3e4q36","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eldar \u0160abanovi\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4724-0787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002113178","display_name":"Paulius Kojis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-559X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167420956","display_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3e4q36","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulius Kojis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-559X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082684102","display_name":"Valentin Ivanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-7184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167420956","display_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3e4q36","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentin Ivanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083052483","display_name":"Miguel Dhaens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-3340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095085","display_name":"Tenneco (Belgium)","ror":"https://ror.org/00p3e1n56","country_code":"BE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095085","https://openalex.org/I68109076"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Dhaens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tenneco Automotive Europe, Sint-Truiden, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tenneco Automotive Europe, Sint-Truiden, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095085"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000256560","display_name":"Viktor Skrickij","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-875X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167420956","display_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3e4q36","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viktor Skrickij","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-875X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport Engineering Faculty, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.267,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8709712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"13183","last_page":"13195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9538000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6458666920661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6201238632202148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suspension","display_name":"Suspension (topology)","score":0.5096580982208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4108421802520752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6458666920661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6201238632202148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105341887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307987","display_name":"Suspension (topology)","level":3,"score":0.5096580982208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4108421802520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5961521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746083","display_name":"Homotopy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3356715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3356715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10410856.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.db-thueringen.de:dbt_mods_00065972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00065972","pdf_url":"https://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbt_derivate_00067745/10410856.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400120","display_name":"Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210149878","host_organization_name":"Verbundzentrale des GBV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b4eac5db0c345de93cfd72c0acb3617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b4eac5db0c345de93cfd72c0acb3617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 13183-13195 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3356715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3356715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10410856.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5540518814","display_name":"Benchmarking of Wheel Corner Concepts Towards Optimal Comfort by Automated Driving","funder_award_id":"872907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G611525692","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S-MIP-23-120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322689","funder_display_name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6925045906","display_name":"Benchmarking of Wheel Corner Concepts Towards Optimal Comfort by Automated Driving","funder_award_id":"872907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7955706205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322689","display_name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gs16m83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391092664.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391092664.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55272387","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2042052970","https://openalex.org/W2083247036","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2112831478","https://openalex.org/W2151096223","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2551393996","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2739799219","https://openalex.org/W2914952844","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2948853306","https://openalex.org/W2956192832","https://openalex.org/W2983178806","https://openalex.org/W2999145077","https://openalex.org/W2999620551","https://openalex.org/W3001673331","https://openalex.org/W3004377382","https://openalex.org/W3118495934","https://openalex.org/W3168174802","https://openalex.org/W3168918401","https://openalex.org/W3209374526","https://openalex.org/W4243100843","https://openalex.org/W4280517604","https://openalex.org/W4283780049","https://openalex.org/W4285813028","https://openalex.org/W4294150024","https://openalex.org/W4295725617","https://openalex.org/W4311416694","https://openalex.org/W6629368666","https://openalex.org/W6674385629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"comfort,":[1],"handling,":[2],"and":[3,25,33,50,64,91,107,128,143,217],"stability":[4],"can":[5,77],"be":[6],"improved":[7],"by":[8],"a":[9,62,176,224],"semi-active":[10],"suspension":[11],"with":[12,207],"advanced":[13],"control":[14],"algorithms":[15],"using":[16,67],"the":[17,21,26,135,159,165,172,183,211],"vertical":[18,41,81,232],"velocities":[19,42,233],"of":[20,43,116,137,140,161,169,190,214,220,227,234],"sprung":[22],"mass":[23],"(SM)":[24],"unsprung":[27],"masses":[28],"(UMs)":[29],"as":[30,61],"inputs.":[31],"Displacement":[32],"acceleration":[34],"sensors":[35,47,56],"are":[36,48,51,199],"often":[37],"used":[38,108,156,180],"to":[39,53,96,109,157,181],"estimate":[40],"UMs.":[44],"However,":[45],"these":[46],"expensive":[49],"susceptible":[52],"degradation.":[54],"Virtual":[55],"(VS)":[57],"have":[58],"been":[59],"proposed":[60],"solution,":[63],"previous":[65],"research":[66],"simulation":[68],"data":[69],"has":[70],"shown":[71],"that":[72,187,196],"artificial":[73],"neural":[74,122],"networks":[75],"(ANNs)":[76],"provide":[78],"usable":[79],"UM":[80],"velocity":[82],"estimates.":[83],"This":[84,132],"study":[85],"aims":[86],"at":[87],"finding":[88],"ANNs":[89,117],"structure":[90,142],"input":[92],"sample":[93,144,184],"window":[94,145,185,225],"size":[95,186,226],"achieve":[97],"best":[98],"performance":[99],"on":[100,113,171,192,205],"real-world":[101,238],"data.":[102,239],"Novel":[103],"dataset":[104],"was":[105,155,179],"created":[106],"test":[110,193],"VSs":[111],"based":[112,204],"eight":[114],"structures":[115],"combining":[118],"multilayer":[119],"perceptron,":[120],"convolutional":[121,208],"network,":[123],"long-term":[124],"short-term":[125],"memory":[126],"(LSTM),":[127],"bidirectional":[129],"LSTM":[130],"layers.":[131],"article":[133],"presents":[134],"results":[136],"104":[138],"combinations":[139,198],"ANN":[141,206],"size,":[146],"which":[147],"required":[148],"6240":[149],"training":[150],"sessions.":[151],"A":[152],"Bayesian":[153],"search":[154,178],"tune":[158],"hyperparameters":[160],"ANNs\u2019":[162],"layers":[163],"minimizing":[164],"root-mean-square":[166],"error":[167],"(RMSE)":[168],"estimations":[170],"validation":[173],"data,":[174,194],"while":[175,230],"grid":[177],"select":[182],"minimizes":[188],"RMSE":[189,213],"estimation":[191],"ensuring":[195],"selected":[197],"well":[200],"generalized.":[201],"The":[202],"VS":[203],"layers,":[209],"achieved":[210],"lowest":[212],"0.0210":[215],"m/s,":[216],"processing":[218],"time":[219],"0.421":[221],"ms":[222],"for":[223],"23":[228],"samples":[229],"estimating":[231],"vehicle":[235],"UMs":[236],"from":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
